Abstracted Warfare Abridged

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# Abstracted Warfare - v1.1
A thousand-strong army crests a hill and sees below them an army of orcs making their way across the plains. The commander gives the order and they begin their charge. Their horses breathing hot steam into the cool, crisp air and the men shouting their war cries as they close in on the orcs. 
### Abstracted Realty
You could roll initiative for each orc and for each soldier, but that isn't a real solution when your campaign calls for mass combat. Instead, we are forced to abstract realty and use vague skills and features, and then our players, including the DM, are confused by the new mechanics and aren't sure how this works with that.

With this mass combat system, I am attempting to limit how many new mechanics are introduced and use as many mechanics as possible from the *Dungeons & Dragons* - 5e system to reduce confusion. This doesn't mean no new mechanics, but rather a limited amount that should hopefully allow you to keep things abstract while still providing some detail. 
### Gritty Details vs Abstraction
Not everything can be perfectly abstracted, but not everything can have a lot of detail. Mass combat requires a lot of abstraction, but I am going to try and keep some of the detail in there to help you shape your stories and provide hard numbers for army sizes, hit points and the like. There are many systems out there that already go to great lengths to abstract almost everything about mass combat, or go into every small detail.

With this system, there will be abstractions backed up by details. Instead of a dozen special units making up a single army, it will be the single army with one or two special 'units' all using stat blocks that DMs would be familiar with. It also goes the other way, there will be details that are abstracted out. Instead of knowing how many soldiers are wounded instead of killed during the past day of combat, we will roll hit dice to determine how many soldiers died during the last battle and how this effects our army. 
## Using This System
Abstracted Warfare is divided into three parts.

**Part 1 (Chapters 1-8)** is about creating an army, providing the rules and guidance you need to make an army. It includes information on the various ancestries, traits, skills, equipment, and other customization options that you can choose from.

**Part 2 (Chapter 9)** details the basic rules running mass combat and how armies interact.

**Part 3 (Chapters 10-15)** is focused on other elements like cities, siege equipment, travel, the weather, and more.

**Appendix** The last two sections focus on heroic characters as well as example armies to be used in your own games.

\columnbreak

### Table of Contents
<div class='toc'>

- ##### [2Chapter 1: Determining Ability Scores](#p2)
- [2Steps for Army Creation](#p2)
- [3Abilities](#p3)
- [3Creating an Army](#p3)
- ##### [7Chapter 2: Army Experience](#p7)
- [7Adjusting Experience Level](#p7)
- ##### [8Chapter 3: Army Size](#p8)
- ##### [9Chapter 4: Skills](#p9)
- ##### [10Chapter 5: Equipment & Proficiencies](#p10)
- [10Proficiencies](#p10)
- [11Equipment Costs](#p11)
- [12Dealing Damage](#p12)
- [13New Recruits and Training](#p13)
- [13Retraining Abilities](#p13)
- ##### [13Chapter 6: Specialty Unit](#p13)
- [13Use in Combat](#p13)
- [14Examples of Units](#p14)
- ##### [15Chapter 7: Spellcasters](#p15)
- [15Spellcasting and the Army](#p15)
- [15Spellcasting and Combat](#p15)
- [15Actions in Combat](#p15)
- ##### [17Chapter 8: Traits and Bonuses](#p17)
- [17General Army Traits](#p17)
- [18Ancestral Traits](#p18)
- [18Class Traits](#p18)
- ##### [20Chapter 9: Combat](#p20)
- [20The Order of Combat](#p20)
- [20The Round](#p20)
- [21Actions in Combat](#p21)
- [21Tactics in Combat](#p21)
- [22Movement and Position](#p22)
- [23Army Size](#p23)
- [24Making an Attack](#p24)
- [25Cover](#p25)
- [25Damage and Healing](#p25)
- [26Locations and Combat](#p26)
- ##### [27Chapter 10: Morale](#p27)
- [27Morale Check](#p27)
- ##### [28Chapter 11: Fortifications](#p28)
- [28Building a Fortified CIty](#p28)
- ##### [30Chapter 12: Weather Conditions](#p30)
- ##### [31Chapter 13: Travel](#p31)
- [31Marching](#p31)
- ##### [31Chapter 14: Upkeep](#p31)
- [31Pay](#p31)
- [32That's a lot of Money](#p32)
- ##### [33Chapter 15: Siege Engines](#p33)
- [33Using Siege Engines](#p33)
- [34Example Siege Engines](#p34)
- ##### [36Appendix A: Variant Rules](#p36)
- ##### [38Appendix B: Sample Armies](#p38)

</div>

\pagebreakNum

# Chapter 1: Determining Ability Scores
Before you can begin mass combat, we must have our armies first. Building an army is simple and can be done quickly, especially if an army is built off a single type of creature, like an orc warband or a kobold army led by a ferocious dragon tyrant. Or, maybe this army is a bit of a hodge-podge and you don't have a single creature to build it off of, in which case we will go over how to build an army from scratch.

## Steps for Army Creation
#### 1. Assembling Ability Scores
You can easily create an army by using creatures from the Monster Manual or using the Point Buy and the Standard Stat Array found in the *Player's Handbook.*
#### 2. Determine Experience
The experience of an army determines their fighting ability, skills, traits, damage, and more. See **Army Experience** for more information.
#### 3. Determine Army Size
There are three different sizes of armies included in this mass combat system.
___
- **Small Armies** are 100 to 3,000 soldiers. 
- **Medium Armies** are 4,000 to 30,000 soldiers. 
- **Large Armies** are 40,000 to 300,000 soldiers.

If you need an army larger than 300,000 soldiers, you might consider breaking them down into smaller armies as a million-strong army will be almost impossible for the other armies to fight in mass combat. 
#### 4. Determine Equipment
An army can't fight without the proper equipment. See **Equipment** for more information.
##### 5a. Determine Specialty Units (Optional)
Your army might have siege equipment or calvary that might be best if separated from the main force. You shouldn't separate your army too much or you may create too many units to keep the abstraction of the system going and bog down the creation of your army. See **Specialty Units** for more information.
##### 5b. Determine Spellcasters (Optional)
Depending on your world, an army may not have access to enough spellcasters to take part in mass combat, and they might even be way too valuable to risk them in such senseless bloodshed. On the other hand, your world might have a deep understanding of magic and have units of war mages. See **Spellcasters** for more information.
#### 6. Finishing Touches
There are certain traits that all armies share, just like some armies are going to have special abilities that other's might not possess. See **Traits and Bonuses** for more information.

\columnbreak

## Abilities
___
- **Strength.** This is the quality and power of your army. This stat is used when determining how much damage your army deals with melee weapons, if they can bash down enemy fortifications and how powerful they are seen as.
- **Dexterity.** This is the speed and ability of moving troops, supplies, and changing tactics in the middle of a battle. This stat is also used when determining how much damage your army deals with ranged weapons.
- **Constitution.** This is the size of your army and based on the number of troops you have. The more troops in your army, the larger this score becomes and the more damage your army can take.
- **Intelligence.** This is the power of your spy network and their ability to get you information about the opposing army, so you can learn key information like military size, equipment used, tactics, and more.
- **Wisdom.** This is your army's ability of reading your opponents and living off the land. Without your foragers, your army goes hungry, without your tacticians watching the opponent, they get the upper hand. 
- **Charisma.** This is how terrifying or brave your army appears to the outside world. An army that has no stories written about them isn't very intimidating. This also helps to keep your army from breaking in the middle of a battle.

An army is rarely great at all of these, and instead must decide where they are going to focus their efforts.

### Determining Ability Scores

There are four ways to determine ability scores:
___
- **Option 1 - The Monster Manual** The *Monster Manual* can be used for the basis of a stat block, this is ideal for monstrous armies or to quickly put together a stat block in just a few minutes.
- **Option 2 - Standard Stat Array** For a more customized stat block, this is ideal for player-controlled armies and typically made up of the ancestries of player characters.
- **Option 3 - Point Buy** Instead of using a Standard Stat Array, you can buy your Ability Scores.
- **Option 4 - Rolling 4d6** Instead of using a Standard Stat Array, you can randomly roll for your Ability Scores.

The following section will provide two ways, using the *Monster Manual* and using the Standard Stat Array, to produce two different example armies.

\pagebreakNum

## Creating an Army
### Option 1 - The Monster Manual
The fastest way to produce an army is by consulting the *Monster Manual* and using stat blocks from it. 
#### Assembling Ability Scores
You can easily create an army by taking a low CR creature, such as an Orc or Kobold, and using their Ability Scores, though make sure to remove their Constitution score as that will be determined later.

We are going to use this to build our Kobold army. First, we will grab their Ability Scores from the *Monster Manual*.

___
> ## Kobold Army
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|7 (-2)|15 (+2)|- (-)|8 (-1)|7 (-2)|8 (-1)|

**Note:** We have removed the Constitution score.
#### Determine Experience
Now that we have our ability score, we then determine the experience of our Kobold Army. We are going to assume that these are *green* troops and will have a +2 proficiency bonus and 1 Skill. You can see more information about experience in the **Army Experience** section.

Because our Kobolds don't come with any skills already in the *Monster Manual* we are going to give them the Stealth skill as we can imagine that this army is very sneaky and likes to attack at night.

We are also going to add in the Kobold's nightvision sense to this statblock as this army is only made up of Kobolds and all Kobolds have nightvision. Some armies made up of mixed races won't have this sense.
___
> ## Kobold Army
> *(green) army, chaotic evil*
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|7 (-2)|15 (+2)|- (-)|8 (-1)|7 (-2)|8 (-1)|
>___
> - **Skills** Stealth +5
> - **Senses** Darkvision 60 ft., passive Perception 8

**Note:** Because our army is made up of *green* troops, their proficiency bonus is a +2. Once they win a few battles, that proficiency bonus will increase and they'll get access to more skills and traits as they progress. That is, until they are forced to bring in new recruits.

\columnbreak

#### Determine Army Size
Now is when we determine the Constitution score of our army. We are going to assume that the Kobolds are a *small army*, only a few hundred Kobolds. For the purposes of this, we are going to assume there is 800 of them slowly moving across the lands for their Dragon-King.

This means they are a *small army* and their Hit Die will be a d10. To determine the hit points of the Kobold army, we must find their Constitution score. As a small army, it gains 1 point in Constitution for each 100 soldiers in the army. A *small army* of 800 Kobolds will have a Constitution of 8 (-1).

To determine their hit points, you take the highest result of their Hit Die and and times it by their Constitution score.

**Note:** You do not add their Constitution modifier when determining hit points.

___
> ## Kobold Army
> *Small (green) army, chaotic evil*
>___
> - **Hit Points** 80 (8d10)
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|7 (-2)|15 (+2)|8 (-1)|8 (-1)|7 (-2)|8 (-1)|
>___
> - **Skills** Stealth +5
> - **Senses** Darkvision 60 ft., passive Perception 8
> - **Army Size** 800 Kobolds

**Note:** Their hit points is 80 hit points instead of only 44 hit points. An army, starting out, always has the maximum value of their Hit Die.

\pagebreakNum

#### Determine Equipment
Because the *Monster Manual* already provides equipment that the Kobolds use, we are just going to use that for our Kobold army. The dragon in charge doesn't wish to spend more than they have to on this grand army. 
___
> ## Kobold Army
> *Small (green) kobold army, chaotic evil*
>___
> - **Armor Class** 12
> - **Hit Points** 80 (8d10)
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|7 (-2)|15 (+2)|8 (-1)|8 (-1)|7 (-2)|8 (-1)|
>___
> - **Skills** Stealth +4
> - **Senses** Darkvision 60 ft., passive Perception 8
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Daggers, Slings
> - **Army Size** 800 Kobolds
> ___
> ### Actions
> ***Daggers.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 7 (2d4 + 2) piercing damage
>
> ***Slings.*** *Ranged Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Range 0/1, one army. *Hit:* 7 (2d4 + 2) bludgeoning damage

**Note:** Ranged weapons lose their normal ranges in place of a more simplified range system. See the **Equipment** section for more information.

#### Determine Specialty Units (Optional)
While each and every Kobold is very unique and special, these Kobolds have no specialty units. See **Specialty Units** for more information.
#### Determine Spellcasters (Optional)
While Kobolds are magical, these Kobolds just don't have any. See **Spellcasters** for more information.
#### Finishing Touches
Our Kobold army has a few ancestral abilities that other armies don't possess like their **Pack Tactics** and their **Sunlight Sensitivity**. We are going to add this into their stat blocks, slightly modified for our Abstracted Warfare system. See **Traits and Bonuses** for more information.

Because every army gains 1 trait as a *green* army, we are going to give the Kobolds the *Finesse* trait so that the Kobold army can use their Dexterity modifier instead of their Strength modifier for their melee attack and damage rolls.

They also receive the standard *Army* traits and immunities.

\columnbreak

___
> ## Kobold Army
> *Small (green) kobold army, chaotic evil*
>___
> - **Armor Class** 12
> - **Hit Points** 80 (8d10)
> - **Tactics** 2
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|7 (-2)|15 (+2)|8 (-1)|8 (-1)|7 (-2)|8 (-1)|
>___
> - **Skills** Stealth +4
> - **Condition Immunities** Charmed, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Prone, Restrained, Stunned
> - **Senses** Darkvision 60 ft., passive Perception 8
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Daggers, Slings
> - **Army Size** 800 Kobolds
> ___
>***Army.*** The kobold army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the kobold army can move through any opening large enough for a small creature. 
>
>***Finesse.*** The kobold army can use their Dexterity instead of their Strength with weapon attacks using finesse weapons.
>
>***Pack Tactics.*** The kobold army has advantage on attack rolls against another army while occupying the same space as that army.
>
>***Sunlight Sensitivity.*** While in sunlight, the kobold army has disadvantage on attack rolls, as well as on Wisdom (Perception) checks that rely on sight.
>
> ### Actions
> ***Daggers.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 7 (2d4 + 2) piercing damage
>
> ***Slings.*** *Ranged Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Range 0/1, one army. *Hit:* 7 (2d4 + 2) bludgeoning damage

**Note:** There are a few new things added, like they have a *Tactics* instead of *Speed* and they are given the standard Condition Immunities that all armies recieve.

#### Finished
Our Kobold Army is finished, and there has never been a finer army. It is easy to quickly create an army based off of the stat blocks provided in the *Monster Manual* as well as referencing the **Equipment** and **Traits and Bonuses** section of this system.

When creating your own armies, try to choose stat blocks that are CR 1 or lower. Picking a stat block from a higher CR creature can truly make an army far more powerful than a typical character-run army, though it may provide a very hard challenge for other armies to overcome.

\pagebreakNum

### Option 2 - Standard Stat Array
On page 13 of the **Player's Handbook** are the numbers for a Standard Stat Array, because we only need to provide scores for five of our abilities instead of 6, our Standard Stat Array for building an army will be adjusted: 
<h5 style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"> 15, 14, 13, 10, 8 </h5>
 
#### Assembling Ability Scores
Now, we will place the provided numbers from the Standard Stat Array into the different abilities for our army. We are going to build a mixed-humanoid army, meaning that they are made up of a variety of ancestries and thus will be a more generic army with very few special traits.

Due to Strength determining melee damage, we will be placing our 15 there. Then, a 14 in Intelligence for a spy network, a 13 in Wisdom to help us study the enemy, 10 in Dexterity for moving around the battlefield, which leaves us an 8 in our Charisma. The army isn't very well known or feared, nor are the soldiers excited to take part in the fighting.

___
> ## The Capital's Army
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|15 (+2)|10 (+0)|- (-)|14 (+2)|13 (+1)|8 (-1)|

**Note:** This isn't our final ability scores. Our ability scores are also influenced by the ancestry of our army, because this is a mixed-humanoid army, we will be using the Human bonuses provided in the **Traits and Bonuses** section which is a +1 to all abilities, the bonus will be added in the next example. Constitution is not increased because it is a reflection of army size, not ability. 
#### Determine Experience
With our abilities set, we must now decide on the experience of our army. A general rule of thumb is that an army increases in experience for every 4 battles it has won, though if an army brings in a lot of inexperienced conscripts, it will decrease the overall level of experience.

The DM determines how much experience an army has, but most new armies all start out with no Battles Won and thus is considered a *green* army with a +2 proficiency bonus, 1 Skill, and 1 Trait.
___
> ## The Capital's Army
> *(green) army, -*
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|16 (+3)|11 (+0)|- (-)|15 (+2)|14 (+2)|9 (-1)|
>___
> - **Skills** Athletics +5
> - **Senses** passive Perception 12

\columnbreak

#### Determine Army Size
We must now decide on the size of our army, which is highly dependent on where they are from and the size of whatever kingdom is supporting the army. Our army is from a fairly small kingdom with no more than 50,000 people spread across a handful of cities, villages, and hamlets. To determine your army size, the general rule of thumb is that for every 15 adults, they can support one fighting man with their taxes. During major wars, the kingdom might forcibly conscript more than that for the army.

With a population of 50,000, we can feasibly support about 3,333 soldiers during peace times, you could easily increase that number during sieges or for big campaigns. Because our maximum army size for a small army is 3,000 and the minimum for a medium army is 3,000, we are going to reduce that number to 3,000 soldiers. We then must decide if we want to be a *small army* or a *medium army*, for various reasons, we are going to go with a *small army*.

Because we are a *small army*, we can now determine our Constitution score which is based on the number of soliders and we have a d10 Hit Die. We have a Constitution score of 30 (+10), which means we have 30d10 Hit Die and 300 hit points Maximum. We do not add additional hit points based off of the Constitution modifier.

We could choose to make the army a medium sized army, but if we had any specialty units, that would effect our statblock by decreasing the army size.

For more information on army size, see the **Army Size** section for more information.

___
> ## The Capital's Army
> *Small (green) army, -*
>___
> - **Hit Points** 300 (30d10)
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|16 (+3)|11 (+0)|30 (+10)|15 (+2)|14 (+2)|9 (-1)|
>___
> - **Skills** Athletics +5
> - **Senses** passive Perception 12
> - **Army Size** 3,000 Soldiers, 330 Soldiers (Reserve)

**Note:** Because we have an additional 333 soldiers unaccounted for based off of our calculations, the DM could choose to add them to the **Army Size** number as a reminder, create a second mini army, keep a note and treat them as a reserved force or just round them down into the 3,000 soldiers to help the abstraction.

\pagebreakNum

#### Determine Equipment
It is assumed that every army is proficient with certain simple weapons and padded armor. If your army is made of a single ancestry, they may provide additional proficiencies for the army. Starting equipment for an army is based off of the kingdom's wealth and their willingness to purchase more expensive equipment. New armies only start with a Club, Sling, and Padded Armor for free, this is what the soldiers bring with them when they are forced to join the army.

You can purchase additional equipment for your army, see the **Equipment & Proficiencies** section for more information.

___
> ## The Capital's Army
> *small (green) army, -*
>___
> - **Armor Class** 11 (padded armor)
> - **Hit Points** 300 (30d10)
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|16 (+3)|11 (+0)|30 (+10)|15 (+2)|14 (+2)|9 (-1)|
>___
> - **Skills** Athletics +5
> - **Senses** passive Perception 12
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Clubs, Daggers, Slings, Light Crossbows
> - **Armor Proficiency** Padded Armor
> - **Army Size** 3,000 Soldiers, 330 Soldiers (Reserve)
>___
>### Actions
>***Club.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +5 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 8 (2d4 + 3) bludgeoning damage
>
>***Sling.*** *Ranged Weapon Attack:* +2 to hit, Range 0/1, one army. *Hit:* 5 (2d4) bludgeoning damage

#### Determine Specialty Units (Optional)
For our example, our capital has no specialty units.
#### Determine Spellcasters (Optional)
For our example, our capital has no spellcasters.
#### Finishing Touches
Our capital army, as it is composed of mixed races, has no innate ancestral traits available to all of the army. An army gains new traits depending on their experience level, and you can find more information in the **Traits & Bonuses** section. As they are a *green army*, they get access to a single trait and a bonus Skill proficiency.

For now, we are just going to add in their Tactics value, Condition Immunities, and the standard *Army* trait.

\columnbreak

___
> ## The Capital's Army
> *small (green) army, -*
>___
> - **Armor Class** 11 (padded armor)
> - **Hit Points** 300 (30d10)
> - **Tactics** 0
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|16 (+3)|11 (+0)|30 (+10)|15 (+2)|14 (+2)|9 (-1)|
>___
> - **Skills** Athletics +5, Perception +4
> - **Condition Immunities** Charmed, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Prone, Restrained, Stunned
> - **Senses** passive Perception 14
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Clubs, Daggers, Slings, Light Crossbows
> - **Armor Proficiency** Padded Armor
> - **Army Size** 3,000 Soldiers
>___
>***Army.*** The capital army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the capital army can move through any opening large enough for a medium creature.
>
>***Craftsmen.*** Equipment prices are decreased by 10%.
>### Actions
>***Club.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +5 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 8 (2d4 + 3) bludgeoning damage
>
>***Sling.*** *Ranged Weapon Attack:* +2 to hit, Range 0/1, one army. *Hit:* 5 (2d4) bludgeoning damage

This is our second example army created, and to see how to use them, see the **Combat** section for more information.

### Option 3 - Point Buy
Instead of using the Standard Stat Array, you can instead buy your points using the rules put forth in the *Player's Handbook*, though you only have 23 points to spend. You can not invest points into Constitution.
### Option 4 - Rolling 4d6
Instead of using the Standard Stat Array, you can instead roll randomly for your abilities using the rules put forth in the *Player's Handbook*. You can not roll for your Constitution. 
### Beyond Creation
Once an army has been created, it is ready to go out and conquer the world. The more battles an army wins, the stronger and deadlier they become, though an army is only as good as it's weakest members. Fresh conscripts can decrease the power and abilities of an army, forcing the army to constantly train and improve. For every 4 battles your army has won, their proficiency bonus, Skills, Traits, and even damage begin increasing.

See **Army Experience** for more information.

\pagebreakNum

# Chapter 2: Army Experience

##### Army Experience
|Proficiency Bonus|Experience Level|Skills|Traits|Battles Won|
|:-:|:-|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|+2|Green|1|1|0-4||
|+3|Irregulars|2|1|5-8|
|+4|Regulars|3|2|9-12|
|+5|Veterans|4|2|13-16|
|+6|Elite|5|3|17+

As an army takes part in battles, wars, and conquest, they grow stronger and become a better connected force. An army's fighting ability is reflected in their Experience Level, this determines their skills, proficiency bonus, and more.

The experience of an army waxes and wanes as new soldiers join up, and as their veteran soldiers succumb to battle. An army is always going to increase and decrease in experience, an elite army is one bad loss away from having to take on peasant conscripts, dropping them from their honored position to a green army. 
#### Proficiency Bonus
This is an added number to skills, attacks, and other values to showcase how well your army strives at their task. As you win more battles, your army becomes more proficient, though new recruits can begin bringing this number down as they are not as skilled in violence.

This bonus also helps determine that amount of damage dice your army rolls as part of an attack, and is used to help determine many other aspects for an army.
#### Skills
As the army increases in experience, they gain additional skills as according to the Experience table. When an army drops in experience and becomes a more novice army, they lose access to their earned skills, the army can choose which skills they loose access too unless that skill is granted to them through their ancestral traits found in the **Proficiencies & Traits** section.
#### Traits
As the army increases in experience, it also gains traits as according to the Experience table. Just as with skills, if an army loses Experience Levels, the army can choose which trait they loose. An army made of a single ancestry can not choose to ignore or lose their racial traits, like Sunlight Sensitivity. 
#### Battles Won
The experience level of an army is based on their ability to win battles and seize victory. When an army wins enough battles, as shown in the Experience table, they can increase the Experience Level of the army, gaining additional skills or traits as shown in the table.

When an army gains additional recruits, this may affect the experience of the army, decreasing or increasing it.

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##### What is considered a Battle?
A battle is anytime an army fights another army. You are only considered to win a battle, and thus increase your Battles Won, if the opposing army flees or is destroyed. This might take a few hours, several days or even weeks depending on how hard the fighting is. Depending on how long it takes, the DM might determine that you gain additional more than a single point in Battles Won for a hard fought victory.
## Adjusting Army Experience
In every battle, an army is going to lose men and must find a way to replenish their units. Sometimes you can conquer a city and press their men into service, or you can bring up serfs to help supplement the army. In either case, you are adding people with different experience compared to your own army and, if enough people join up, based on their experience with war, it can cause an army to perform better or to fall apart due to inexperience.

To determine how this effects the army, first you must determine the level of experience that the new recruits have, as well as the number being added in. While this is ultimately up to DM's discretion, a general rule of thumb is that if your army increases in size by 10%, and those newcomers have a different experience level, you should either increase or decrease the number of Battles Won by 1.

Whichever group has the largest population, either the new hirers or the seasoned troops, should be the basis of the Battles Won for the army with the smaller section augmenting that number.
##### King's Army Example
The King's Army just won a decisive victory against an orc warband, though they suffered losses forcing them to press the locals serfs into the army. Their army size, after the battle, is 600 men and they plan to add in 100 serfs.

The King's Army has won 5 battles, meaning they have an Experience Level of Irregulars. Unfortunately, the serfs have never been in battle, and thus have a Battles Won of 0. Because they are adding in 100 men into the King's Army, they are increasing the army size by 16% with recruits who have never been into battle. The army's Battles Won will decrease by 1 to a total of 4. This has the effect that the army decreases their experience from Irregulars to Green and are forced to remove one skill of their choice and their proficiency bonus decreases to +2.

Conversely, had the King's Army added in 100 mercenaries that had won 17+ battles, and thus considered Elite, they would increase the number of Battles Won by 1, from 5 to 6. Per the DM's discretion, the effective number of Battles Won could increase or decrease more than that, and it should be determined by whichever army has the highest number of soldiers. If the King's Army was adding in 1,000 soldiers from a mercenary company, they would instead be adjusting the Experience Level of the mercenary company instead of the King's Army.

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# Chapter 3: Army Size

##### Army Size
|Hit Die|HP per die|Constitution Score|Army Size (# of Soldiers)|Hit Points|Minimum Army Size|Number of Attacks|
|:-|:-|:-|:-|:-|:-|:-:|
|d10|10|# of Soldiers / 100|Small 100 to 3,000|10 - 300|100 soldiers|1|
|d100|100|# of Soldiers / 1,000|Medium 1,000 to 30,000|100 - 3,000|3,000 soldiers|2|
|d1,000|1,000|# of Soldiers / 10,000|Large 10,000 to 300,000|1,000 - 30,000|30,000 soldiers|4|

</div>

The number of soldiers in your army determines the army's Constitution Score. Once you know the size of your army, you can then determine the number of hit points your army has. Before any battles or campaigns, the army always has the maximum number of hit points possible, this number will decrease as they suffere damage during a campaign.

Our King's Army has 6,000 soldiers, this means we have a Medium sized army and our Hit Die will be a d100. To determine our Constitution score, take the number of soldiers and then divide it be their Hit Die. For a Medium army, this means there will be 1,000 soldiers for every 1 point of Constitution. The King's Army has a Constitution Score of 6 (-2), and the army has 600 hit points with 6d100 Hit Die. 
#### Hit Die
The Hit Die determines the number of hit points an army has and allows an army to regain hit points at the end of a battle. To determine hit points before a campaign, it is the maximum result on the Hit Die times the Constitution Score of the army, you do not add or remove additional hit points due to the Constitution Modifier. 
##### Regaining Hit Points
If an army has fought within the last 24 hours, at the end of the day, the army can attempt a DC 10 Wisdom (Medicine) check, on a success they can roll a number of their Hit Die up to their proficiency bonus to regain a lost hit points. Once these Hit Die are expended, the army can not regain them until they spend a week with no combat.

You can not regain more hit points than your hit point maximum.
##### Decreasing Your Constitution Score
War reduces army sizes, and this is no different for your own army. At the end of each day, any hit points you don't restore are permanently lost and you lose men. If you lose enough hit points at the end of the day that you are at least one full Hit Die down from your maximum, you permanently lose a point of Constitution and that Hit Die. You continue this process until you are no longer at least one full Hit Die down from your new hit point maximum. 
##### Increasing Your Hit Point Maximum
The army's hit point maximum automatically adjusts at the end of the day, after all available Hit Die are rolled. To increase your maximum, you must recruit new soldiers.

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#### Minimum Army Size
Every army size has a minimum, once an army falls below that minimum, they decrease to a smaller army size. 
#### Number of Attacks
Due to the number of soldiers taking part in the largest of armies, they are able to unleash more damage on to other armies, this is especially relevant when a Large army fights a Small army. Unless the Small army has some sort of fortification or ability to defend itself from such a massive horde, it will be devastated in short order.

An army can take a number of attacks per round based on the size of their army and a medium army automatically gains the **Extra Attack** trait and a large army automatically gains the **Improved Extra Attack** trait.

For more information on attacks, see the **Combat** section.
##### King's Army Example
If the King's Army starts out with 600 hit points, but ends up taking 130 points of damage and their hit points are dropped to 470. They can attempt a DC 10 Wisdom (Medicine) check at the end of the day. On a success, they can roll some of their Hit Die, in this case a d100, to restore hit points. Assuming they expend 1 Hit Die and regain 40 points of damage, their hit points increase from 470 to 510 and they do not lose any points to their Constitution Score, and their hit point maximum is then decreased to 510.

On the other hand, if they failed their Wisdom (Medicine) check, meaning their clerics and healers couldn't save enough men to warrant rolling a Hit Die, they end the day with 470 hit points and that means they have lost over one full Hit Die of lost hit points. Their Constitution score would then reduce until the amount of damage no longer equals the maximum on their Hit Die. In this case, their Constitution Score would decrease to a 5 (-3) and their new hit point maximum would become 470.

This effectively means that the army lost 1,000 soldiers in that day's conflict, a grievous wound against the army by all accounts. In order for them to increase their hit point maximum, they must recruit new soldiers.

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# Chapter 4: Skills
Skills are the measure of an army's abilities and how they function on the battlefield. These skills help an army seize a wall, pass obstacles, trick opponents or heal the injured.

## Strength
This is the might and power of your army. It helps you strike harder in the melee.
#### Athletics
A Strength (Athletics) check is the ability used to scale city walls, push back an opposing army or to determine the effects of a forced march.
## Dexterity
This is the agility and speed of your army. It helps you hit armies from range as well as determines your Tactics.
#### Acrobatics
A Dexterity (Acrobatics) check is the ability to move quickly across a battlefield, over hazardous obstacles, and to avoid another army attempting to push you back.
#### Sleight of Hand
A Dexterity (Sleight of Hand) check is the ability to steal important documents or equipment from an opposing fortification or army.
#### Stealth
A Dexterity (Stealth) check is the ability to sneak up on another army, either for scouting or for a surprise attack.
## Intelligence
This is the quality of your tacticians and generals. It helps your spies and informs decisions.
#### Arcana
An Intelligence (Arcana) check helps army to manage their Arcane spellcasters and to use them effectively in battle.
#### History
An Intelligence (History) check is the ability of your army to recall important information about another army and what they are renown for in regards to skills, equipment, and other information of the past. 
#### Investigation
An Intelligence (Investigation) check is the ability for your army to learn information about an opposing enemy or fortification. It also helps your engineers figure out the weakest part of a fortification. 
#### Nature
An Intelligence (Nature) check is the ability of your army to understand the terrain and weather for the future.

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#### Religion
An Intelligence (Religion) check is the ability to recall information about important religious events and even to call on the gods for their aid. 
## Wisdom
This is the ability to read armies and to keep the army fed. 
#### Animal Handling
A Wisdom (Animal Handling) check is the ability to properly guide your beasts, mounts and livestock.
#### Insight
A Wisdom (Insight) check is the ability to read your opponent and to determine their tactics.
#### Medicine
A Wisdom (Medicine) check is the ability for your army to recover from wounds and to expend Hit Die.
#### Perception
A Wisdom (Perception) check is the ability for your army to notice a sneaking army or something important in a battle.
#### Survival
A Wisdom (Survival) check is the ability for your army to live off of the land and to march in the right direction.
## Charisma
The ability to hide tactics, surprise foes and scare off armies.
#### Deception
A Charisma (Deception) check is the ability for your army to hide their tactics from an opposing army.
#### Intimidation
A Charisma (Intimidation) check is the ability for your army to scare and frighten.
#### Performance
A Charisma (Performance) check is the ability for your army to raise morale.
#### Persuasion
A Charisma (Persuasion) check is the ability for your army to persuade others to join their cause, like sellswords and conscripts.

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# Chapter 5: Equipment & Proficiencies
Every army must be fielded with equipment, even just the basics, though the basics won't make them very effective. Every army starts out with the following proficiencies.

## Proficiencies
___
- **Armor:** Padded Armor
- **Weapons:** Clubs, Daggers, Slings, Light Crossbows

#### Training Proficiencies
In order to train your army, you must spend a certain amount of weeks training as well as purchase, or otherwise acquire, the new weapon or armor you wish to outfit your army with.

The number of weeks required to train is 10 minus your army's Intelligence modifier, to a minimum of 2 weeks. After the alloted time, your army is proficient in that equipment.

If you wish to speed up training, you could hire professional instructors for your army, though that might can be very expensive. This typically cuts the training time in half, to a minimum of 1 week. The price is based on DM's discretion, though suggested prices are provided.
##### Specialized Units
If you train only a small number of troops with specific equipment, you can create a small elite subgroup within your army. This will be far cheaper than outfitting your entire army in expensive equipment. For more information, see the **Specialty Units** section.

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##### Instructor Costs Per Week
|Equipment|100 soldiers/wk|1,000 soldiers/wk|10,000 soldiers/wk|
|:-|-:|-:|-:|
|Any 1 Light Armor|200 gp|2,000 gp|20,000 gp|
|Any 1 Medium Armor|250 gp|2,500 gp|25,000 gp|
|Any 1 Heavy Armor|300 gp|3,000 gp|30,000 gp|
|Shields|250 gp|2,500 gp|25,000 gp|
|Any 1 Simple Weapon|200 gp|2,000 gp|20,000 gp|
|Any 1 Martial Weapon|250 gp|2,500 gp|25,000 gp|

*For exotic or rare equipment, the DM may decide that the price might increase as you must find specialized instructors.*
#### New Recruits
When you bring on new recruits, you must provide equipment and send them through training with that equipment or those recruits are unable to benefit from it. If you don't have the appropriate equipment or training for them, your army suffers and you deal less damage to another army, see the **Combat** section for more information.
#### Scavenging Equipment
It is assumed that after a battle, unless you lost and were driven out, that you could scavenge some lost equipment. To determine how much equipment you are able to scavenge, roll a Wisdom (Survival) or Dexterity (Sleight of Hand) check. Then consult the chart below.

This check determines, of the number of soldiers who died during the battle and ammunition or weapons thrown, how much of their equipment you were able to recover. Sometimes you will not be able to recover everything due to weapons breaking, armor being sundered, and scavengers looting before you can get there.

##### Scavenged Equipment
|DC|  |Percent of Equipment Recovered|
|:-:|:-:|:-|
|5||10%
|10||25%
|15||50%
|20||75%
|25||100%

*You have a small army and during a battle you lost 200 soldiers. You run the risk of losing 200 sets of padded armors and clubs. If you can, you may roll a check to scavenge your equipment. On the result of a 15, you are able to recover 100 sets of padded armor and clubs, 50% of the lost equipment.*

\pagebreakNum

## Equipment Costs
|Armor|Normal Cost|AC|Strength|Stealth|100 soldiers ---- 10% off|1,000 soldiers ---- 15% off|10,000 soldiers ---- 20% off|
|:-|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|-:|-:|-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|**Light Armor**|
|     *Padded*|5 gp|11+Dex|-|Disadvantage|450 gp|4,250 gp|40,000 gp|
|     *Leather*|10 gp|11+Dex|-|-|900 gp|8,500 gp|80,000 gp|
|     *Studded Leather*|45 gp|12+Dex|-|-|4,050 gp|38,250 gp|360,000 gp|
|**Medium Armor**|
|     *Hide*|10 gp|12+Dex (Max 2)|-|-|900 gp|8,500 gp|80,000 gp|
|     *Chain Shirt*|50 gp|13+Dex (Max 2)|-|-|4,500 gp|42,500 gp|400,000 gp|
|     *Scale Mail*|50 gp|14+Dex (Max 2)|-|Disadvantage|4,500 gp|42,500 gp|400,000 gp|
|     *Breastplate*|400 gp|14+Dex (Max 2)|-|-|36,000 gp|340,000 gp|3,200,000 gp|
|     *Half Plate*|750 gp|15+Dex (Max 2)|-|Disadvantage|67,500 gp|637,500 gp|6,000,000 gp|
|**Heavy Armor**|
|     *Ring Mail*|30 gp|14|-|Disadvantage|2,700 gp|25,500 gp|240,000 gp|
|     *Chain Mail*|75 gp|16|13|Disadvantage|6,750 gp|63,750 gp|600,000 gp|
|     *Splint*|200 gp|17|15|Disadvantage|18,000 gp|170,000 gp|1,600,000 gp|
|     *Plate*|1,500 gp|18|15|Disadvantage|135,000 gp|1,275,000 gp|12,000,000 gp|
|**Shield**|
|     *Shield*|10 gp|+2|-|-|900 gp|8,500 gp|80,000 gp|

|Weapon|Normal Cost|Damage|Properties|100 soldiers ---- 10% off|1,000 soldiers ---- 15% off|10,000 soldiers ---- 20% off|
|:-|:-:|:-|:-|-:|-:|-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|**Simple Melee Weapons**|
|     *Club*|1 sp|1d4 bludgeoning|Light|9 gp|85 gp|800 gp|
|     *Dagger*|2 gp|1d4 piercing|Finesse, light|180 gp|1,700 gp|16,000 gp|
|     *Greatclub*|2 sp|1d8 bludgeoning|Two-handed|18 gp|170 gp|1,600 gp|
|     *Handaxe*|5 gp|1d6 slashing|Light|450 gp|4,250 gp|40,000 gp|
|     *Javelin*|5 sp|1d6 piercing|Thrown (range 0/1)|45 gp|425 gp|4,000 gp|
|     *Light Hammer*|2 gp|1d4 bludgeoning|Light|180 gp|1,700 gp|16,000 gp|
|     *Mace*|5 gp|1d6 bludgeoning|-|45 gp|4,250 gp|4,000 gp|
|     *Quarterstaff*|2 sp|1d6 bludgeoning|Versatile (1d8)|18 gp|170 gp|1,600 gp|
|     *Sickle*|1 gp|1d4 slashing|Light|90 gp|850 gp|8,000 gp|
|     *Spear*|1 gp|1d6 piercing|Versatile (1d8)|90 gp|850 gp|8,000 gp|
|     *Unarmed Strike*|-|1 bludgeoning|-|-|-|-|

</div>

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|Weapon                          |Normal Cost|Damage                |Properties|100 soldiers ---- 10% off|1,000 soldiers ---- 15% off|10,000 soldiers ---- 20% off|
|:-|:-:|:-|:-|-:|-:|-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|**Simple Ranged Weapons**|
|     *Crossbow, Light*|25 gp|1d8 piercing|Ammunition (range 1), two-handed|2,250 gp|21,250 gp|200,000 gp|
|     *Shortbow*|25 gp|1d6 piercing|Ammunition (range 0/1), two-handed|2,250 gp|21,250 gp|200,000 gp|
|     *Sling*|1 sp|1d4 bludgeoning|Ammunition (range 0/1)|9 gp|85 gp|800 gp|
|**Martial Melee Weapons**|
|     *Battleaxe*|10 gp|1d8 slashing|Versatile (1d10)|900 gp|8,500 gp|80,000 gp|
|     *Flail*|10 gp|1d8 bludgeoning|-|900 gp|8,500 gp|80,000 gp|
|     *Glaive*|20 gp|1d10 slashing|Heavy, two-handed|1,800 gp|17,000 gp|160,000 gp|
|     *Greataxe*|30 gp|1d12 slashing| Heavy, two-handed|2,700 gp|25,500 gp|240,000 gp|
|     *Greatsword*|50 gp|2d6 slashing|Heavy, two-handed|4,500 gp|42,500 gp|400,000 gp|
|     *Halberd*|20 gp|1d10 slashing|Heavy, two-handed|1,800 gp|17,000 gp|160,000 gp|
|     *Lance*|10 gp|1d12 piercing|Special|900 gp|8,500 gp|80,000 gp|
|     *Longsword*|15 gp|1d8 slashing|Versatile (1d10)|1,350 gp|12,750 gp|120,000 gp|
|     *Maul*|10 gp|2d6 bludgeoning|Heavy, two-handed|900 gp|8,500 gp|80,000 gp|
|     *Morningstar*|15 gp|1d8 piercing|-|1,350 gp|12,750 gp|120,000 gp|
|     *Pike*|5 gp|1d10 piercing|Heavy, two-handed|450 gp|4,250 gp|40,000 gp|
|     *Rapier*|25 gp|1d8 piercing|Finesse|2,250 gp|21,250 gp|200,000 gp|
|     *Scimitar*|25 gp|1d6 slashing|Finesse, light|2,250 gp|21,250 gp|200,000 gp|
|     *Shortsword*|10 gp|1d6 piercing|Finesse, light|900 gp|8,500 gp|80,000 gp|
|     *Trident*|5 gp|1d6 piercing|Versatile (1d8)|450 gp|4,250 gp|40,000 gp|
|     *War Pick*|5 gp|1d8 piercing|-|450 gp|4,250 gp|40,000 gp|
|     *Warhammer*|15 gp|1d8 bludgeoning|Versatile (1d10)|1,350 gp|12,750 gp|120,000 gp|
|     *Whip*|2 gp|1d4 slashing|Finesse|180 gp|1,700 gp|16,000 gp|
|**Martial Ranged Weapons**|
|     *Blowgun*|10 gp|1 piercing|Ammunition (range 0/1)|900 gp|8,500 gp|80,000 gp|
|     *Crossbow, Hand*|75 gp|1d6 piercing|Ammunition (range 0/1), light|6,750 gp|63,750 gp|600,000 gp|
|     *Crossbow, Heavy*|50 gp|1d10 piercing|Ammunition (range 1/2), heavy, two-handed|4,500 gp|42,500 gp|400,000 gp|
|     *Longbow*|50 gp|1d8 piercing|Ammunition (range 2/3), heavy, two-handed| 4,500 gp|42,500 gp|400,000 gp|

</div>

## Dealing Damage
When an army deals damage, they roll their weapon's damage die a number of times equal to their proficiency bonus, then add their Strength of Dexterity modifier based on the type of weapon being used. Melee Weapons, unless they have the finesse quality and the army has the Finesse trait, use Strength. Ranged weapons use Dexterity to determine their damage.

A green army with a 12 Strength has a +1 modifier and has a +2 proficiency bonus, if they are using a shortsword they will deal 2d6 + 1 damage on a hit. If the army had a 16 Strength, which is a +3 modifier, they would deal 2d6 + 3 damage on a hit.

If an army has a +0 modifier or a negative modifier, they roll their damage as normal and then add their negative modifier to the total. An army can deal 0 damage but never negative damage.

Depending on the army size, they may be able to make an attack roll multiple times in a round.

\pagebreakNum

## New Recruits and Training
When you add new soldiers into your army, most typically will not have any special proficiencies, unless they are of a specific ancestry or the DM decides they do. In order for your army to not be adversely affected by adding in new recruits, the army must succeed on a Charisma (Performance) check or Intelligence (History) check.

The DC for this check is determined by the number of additional recruits being added to the army, as the recruit's impact is dependent on army size. Thus, the DC is determined by the number of Hit Die that the army gains, for every additional Hit Die the army increases by, the DC increases by 1 with a starting DC of 8.

This means that if your army's Hit Die increases by 2, you must succeed on a DC 10 check.

On a success, the recruits quickly pick up on how the equipment works with the aid of your veteran troops. On a failed check, the recruits are unable to pick up the proficiencies required and you either must send them through training, and they are unable to take part in battle for a set time, or attempt the check again one week later to see if they picked it up with more time. If the army fails the check again, the only way for the new recruits to learn is to send them through training.

Whenever you gain new recruits, you can only make this check once per week and at the end of the week, or earlier per the DM's discretion.
### Attacking with Untrained Recruits
If your new recruits are unable to be quickly trained, and you still wish to use them in a battle, you can not include your proficiency bonus on the attack roll if your recruits are not proficient in the weapon being used.
## Retraining Abilities
An army might come to the point where they would like to refocus in a different direction, either to grow their spy network and increase their Intelligence, or to focus on drills to make their soldiers stronger and increase their Strength.

An army can spend 2 months retraining and can decrease one Ability Score of their choice by 1, and increase one Ability Score of their choice by 1. You can not increase or decrease your Constitution Score using this method. The army can still take part in battles while they are retraining but the Ability Scores do not change until after 2 months of retraining. 
### Retraining and New Recruits
THe DM may determine that after you have gained a large amount of recruits, that you must reset the ability scores for your army. This may include, depending on which creation method you used, replacing which stats you want where, adjust ancestry bonuses, or rerolling your ability scores.

This is typically only for extreme circumstances when almost the entire army must be rebuilt.
# Chapter 6: Specialty Unit
An army is made up of several different units, all working together to siege a castle, defend against an orc warband, or to conquer the world. With this system, it is not ideal to field a lot of specialty units, instead there should only be one or two such units at a time split off from the main army and only if they are doing something tactically special from what the main army is doing.

Specialty Units can include calvary, siege units, a veteran force, or other different styles of units. 
## Use in Combat
A specialty unit takes its turn during the same time as the main army but makes their own attack rolls, ability checks, and saving throws. Because specialty units are a lot smaller than the main army, they run a very real risk of being destroyed if they are used too often against an enemy as they have far less hit points.

The specialty units take their own actions but follow the same Tactics as the army.
### Determining Ability Scores
Specialty units have the same basic ability scores as the main army, though their Constitution score is adjusted to match their size, just like the main army's Constitution score is adjusted when the specialty units are split off.

\columnbreak

##### Determining Constitution
If you have a small army, fielding 1,200 soldiers, and split off 200 of them to form an elite unit for a feint, the small army's Constitution decreases from 12 (+1) to a 10 (+0) while the elite unit gains a 2 (-4) Constitution score. The hit points are decided the same way, with the army having a total of 100 hit points and the elite unit will have 20 hit points. 
##### Specialty Units and Hit Points
At the end of the day, Specialty Units make their own DC 10 Wisdom (Medicine) check to roll Hit Die, following the same rules as the army does for recovering hit points, Hit Die, and recruiting new soldiers.

Specialty units have their own set of hit points and number of men available that is added back into the main army after Hit Die are rolled at the end of the day. If a specialty unit takes grievous injuries and loses half of their soldiers, they must train up new units to add to the unit. New units could come from the army, hired mercenaries, or pressing peasants into the army and unit.
#### Proficiencies and Equipment
A benefit of a specialty unit is that you can provide special training to a smaller section of the army, thus allowing you to only buy 100 sets of plate instead of 1,000. When these units rejoin the main army, their equipment is not used when determining the army's statistics.

\pagebreakNum

#### Experience Level
A specialty unit is assumed to have the same experience level as the main army, this might mean that despite them being victorious across 10+ battles, they may still be considered green for their proficiency bonus. If the DM so chooses, they could track their experience separately.
#### At 0 Hit Points
If the specialty unit is knocked to 0 hit points, the unit is destroyed and the army, if they wish to keep a specialty unit, must begin training new recruits. 
#### Morale
The specialty unit is responsible for rolling their own morale checks. If they fail their check, they retreat for the day and can not rejoin the army until the end of the day. If the army fails their check, the specialty unit immediately fails it too. 
#### Maximum Number of Units
You can only have a number of specialty units equal to the army's Intelligence modifier (minimum of 1). This represents your army's ability to properly train specialty units, keep them organized, and to use them effectively in battle. 
#### Minimum Size
A specialty unit's minimum size is equal to the maximum value of a single Hit Die, thus the minimum size for a specialty unit in a small army, whose Hit Die is a d10, is 100 soldiers. If a specialty unit's size decreases below that, they are unable to create a strong enough force to be useful in battle as a specialty unit.

A medium army's Hit Die is a d100 and has a minimum size of 1,000 soldiers.

A large army's' Hit Die is a d1,000 and has a minimum size of 10,000 soldiers.
##### Below Minimum Size
For medium or large armies with less than a 10 Constitution score, the DM may determine that having a specialized unit smaller than the typical minimum is allowed. In that situation, the specialized unit's new minimum size is a Hit Die below them. This means a medium army with a Constitution score of 10 or less can have a specialized unit with a Hit Die of d10 and it is made up of soldiers in increments of 100. A large army with a Constitution score of 10 or less can have a specialized unit with a Hit Die of a d100 and it is made up of soldiers in increments of 1,000. 
#### Decreasing Power and Damage
A specialty unit is typically a lot smaller than an army, and thus doesn't have the same ability to deal as much damage as an army does. A specialty unit only rolls a single die for their damage and if they are smaller than 20% of the army, they only deal half their rolled damage. A DM may decide that a suitably sized unit deals more damage.

*If the elite unit is made up of 100 soldiers, and the army is only 1,000 strong, then the unit makes up 10% of the army. If the unit charges the enemy, when they roll damage they will deal half the damage they rolled. The main army will deal their normal amount of damage.*

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#### Ancestry Proficiencies & Traits 
If a specialty unit is made up of only a single ancestry while the army is made up of multiple ancestries, the specialty unit gains any ancestral specific proficiencies and traits. They lose the those proficiencies and traits if they take on new recruits that are not of their ancestry or when they rejoin the army.
#### Splitting up an Army
It might come to a point where a specialty unit becomes so large that it makes more sense to treat them as a separate army. At that point, it is recommended that you build this army using the Army Creation tools located at the beginning of this system, this way you can decide what abilities, skills, traits, and more are most important to this new army. 
#### Creature Size and Specialty Unit
If a creature is a larger than medium, it gains additional hit points and damage die based on its size. See the chart below.
|Creature Size|Hit Points|Damage Die|
|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|Medium|x1|+0|
|Large|x2|+1|
|Huge|x3|+2|
|Gargantuan|x4|+3|
## Examples of Units
#### Calvary
Calvary is a popular specialty unit great for charges, scouting, and routing an enemy. In order to field a calvary unit, you must have enough horses for the unit. Example horse prices are below, saddles are included in the price.

|Horse|Range|Price|100 Horses / 10% off|
|:-|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|Horse, draft|1|70 gp|6,300 gp|
|Horse, riding|2|95 gp|8,550 gp|
|Warhorse|2|420 gp|37,800 gp

Certain horses can automatically move an additional range at the beginning of combat, per the Range column above. Regardless of the horse being used, all calvary units automatically gains the *Mounted Charge* trait.
##### Barding
Only the warhorse can properly wear barding as it is too heavy for the other horses.
#### Siege Engineers
Sieges are the most common uses of armies, and engineers are put to great use in constructing and operating the engines of war. Siege engineers are required to construct siege engines and this unit automatically gains the *Siege* trait.

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# Chapter 7: Spellcasters
 Spellcasters are a powerful tool in any army, though they are only effective when they are used in large quantities. While a single spell can decimate a large area, armies are large enough to recover from a single spell launched at them.

## Spellcasting and the Army
Spellcasters, and their available numbers, are up to the DM's discretion and how they work best in an army, but the following are some recommendations. 
#### Magic Solves Problems
Most problems can be solved with magic in some way. When a group of wizards has to help an army cross a large river, multiple wizards casting _wall of stone_ can build a bridge to ensure that the army is only slowed for a few minutes. 
#### Typically Only Ranged Spells
Spellcasters are extremely valuable and are not likely to be found in the front lines, but rather in the back where they can launch their spells. Most close range spells, anything that has a range of 30 feet, will not be used as it puts the spellcasters into too much danger.
#### Arcane vs Divine
A distinction is not made about the arcane and divine magical abilities of your spellcasters in the army, it is assumed that their ranks are mixed together. If an army only has arcane or divine spellcasters, they may not be able to take on certain actions per the DM's discretion and certain spellcasting actions are restricted from them. Arcane users can not heal an army, just as divine casters are limited in their utility.
## Spellcasting and Combat
Spellcasters should be counted outside of the army size, though they are not considered specialized units. Instead, they provide bonuses to the army's different abilities depending on what they choose to use each round. The more spellcasters available, the greater they can help the army.
#### Minimum Number of Spellcasters
Because spellcasters are so powerful, you only need a tiny percentage of them to boost your army's power. If an army has at least 1 spellcaster for every 100 soldiers, they are able to make enough of an impact in battle to take part, though the less casters, the weaker that support.

Meaning, 1% of army must be a spellcaster for your army to benefit from a spell cast on them.
#### Losing Spellcasters
For basic assumptions, it is assumed that an equal proportion of spellcasters are killed when an army suffers losses. This means that if an army has 10 spellcasters and 1,000 soldiers, and they lose a battle where 400 soldiers die, 40% of the army, they would end up losing 4 spellcasters or 40% of spellcasters, as well.

The total killed may be adjusted, per the DM's discretion.

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#### Limited Uses Per Day
Spellcasters are limited by how powerful they are and can rarely help out in combat all day. Rather, spellcasters, depending on their level, can take part in a number of rounds equal to the maximum spell level that the army has access too divided by three. The maximum spell level that an army has access too is a generalization about the strongest of their members, meaning not every spellcaster must be able to cast such powerful spells though at least a few of them need to, per the DM's discretion. A recommendation is provided that at least 25% of the spellcasters must be able to cast those spell levels. 
##### Spellcaster Actions Per Day
|Actions per Day|Spell Level of the Army|
|:-:|:-:|
|0|Cantrips only|
|1|up to 3rd-Level|
|2|up to 6th-Level|
|3|up to 9th-Level|

Spellcasters must be on the battlefield in order to use their action, though at the end of the round, they can be pulled back or used elsewhere, per the DM's discretion.
## Actions in Combat
Spellcasters can take a number of different actions during combat, though they are limited by the quantity of spellcasters and how talented they are, meaning the highest spell slot that the army has available to them. An army with access to 9th-level spell slots is far more powerful than an army with access to only 1st-level spell slots.

Spellcasters must determine what their action is at the start of the round, they can not change their mind once the round begins and the army begins their actions.
#### Spellcasting Trait for Armies
Armies with spellcasters gains the following trait:

***Spell Level.*** The army has access to **X**-level spells and has **X** Action(s) per day, their casters make up **X%** of the army and use a **dX** for certain spells.

##### Arcane Power
**1 Action, any Spell-Level, Range 0**
 The spellcasters use their action to increase the damage the army deals on a single melee attack roll. The army adds a number of d4s equal to their maximum spell-level to that attack's damage. The extra damage deals one of the following types: Cold, Fire, Lightning, Necrotic or Radiant.

If the army has a high number of casters, the damage dice increases based on the percentage of casters: At 2% the dice increase to a d6, 3.5% - d8, 5% - d10, and 7.5% - d12.

An army must choose which attack to apply this additional damage to before they roll their attacks for this round. If they do not make an attack this round, this spellcaster action is expended without effect.

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##### Battlefield Protection
**1 Action, at least 5th-level spells, requires Arcane casters, Range 0**
 The spellcasters use their action to thwart their enemies and summon stone fortifications to protect the army. The army gains an increase to their AC for the round equal to half the army's maximum spell level, rounded down. 
##### Divine Healing
**1 Action, any spell-level, requires Divine casters, Range 0**
 The spellcasters use their action to heal the army and restore hit points. The army heals a number of d4s equal to half the maximum spell-level of the army, minimum of 1. The army recovers these hit points at the end of the round, after damage is rolled.

If the army has a high number of casters, the healing dice increases based on the percentage of casters: At 2% the dice increase to a d6, 3.5% - d8, 5% - d10, and 7.5% - d12.
##### Empowered Weapons
**1 Action, at least 3rd-level spells, Range 0**
 The spellcasters use their action to magically enhance the weapons and the army wield magical weapons. The army gains an increase to their attack and damage rolls equal to a third of the army's maximum spell-level, rounded down. This enhancement lasts until the end of the round. 
##### Eldritch Horrors
**1 Action, at least 2nd-level spells, Range 0**
 The horrors of the Beyond are called forth as an action and the opposing army must succeed on a Wisdom saving throw vs the save DC of the army (10 + the maximum spell-level of the army) or become frightened. On a failed save, the enemy army has disadvantage on their attack rolls for this round, and they are unable to move closer to the opposing army.

Additionally, the enemy army takes a penalty to their Morale check equal to a third of the maximum spell-level of the army, rounded down (minimum of 1). This penalty can only be applied once per day to the same army or unit affected by the spell.
##### False Fog
**1 Action, any spell-level, Range 0**
 The spellcasters use their action to summon a thick cloud of fog that obscures every range occupied by their army. The army is heavily obscured while they stay in the fog and the fog travels with them unless a strong wind disperses it.
##### Fiery Bombardments
**2 Actions, at least 8th-level spells, Range 3**
 The spellcasters summon fiery motes of earth that crash into the ground. The army chooses a number of hexes, within range, equal to their proficiency bonus and any army or unit in those ranges must succeed on a Dexterity saving throw vs the save DC of the army (10 + the maximum spell-level of the army) or suffer a number of d4s of fire or bludgeoning damage, your choice, equal to their maximum spell-level. Any fortifications and structures automatically fail their Dexterity saving throw. On a successful save, they take half damage.

If the army has a high number of casters, the damage dice increases based on the percentage of casters: At 2% the dice increase to a d6, 3.5% - d8, 5% - d10, and 7.5% - d12.
##### Seize the Walls
**1 Action, any spell-level, Range 0**
 The spellcasters use their action to shape the earth, allowing their army to easily assault the enemy's fortifications. The spellcasters grant a bonus to any Strength (Athletics) checks to move past barricades, scale walls or similar activities. The bonus is equal to half the maximum spell-level of the army. 
##### Spellcaster Hunt
**1 Action, any spell-level, Range 0**
 The spellcasters use their action to hunt for their counterparts in the opposing enemy and focus on destroying them before they can act. The army must make a Wisdom (Insight) check opposed by the enemy's Charisma (Deception) check, each army gains a bonus to their check equal to half their maximum spell-level.

On a success, the spellcasters can choose to stop the enemy spellcasters from doing their action this round or kill the enemy spellcasters and their maximum spell-level is decreased by 1 (to a minimum of 0) for the day.

At the end of the day, an army can attempt to regain their lost spell-levels by succeeding on an Intelligence saving throw equal to DC 8 + the number of spell-levels lost that day. On a success, they regain a single lost spell-level, on a failure they permanently lose their highest spell-level. They must repeat this saving throw for each spell-level they lost, the DC decreasing by 1 for each attempt.

If the spellcasters lose all their spell-levels, so they effectively have access to only 0-level spells, the spellcasters for the army are destroyed and the army must replace them. 
### Movement
Spellcasters automatically move with the army, though there might be occasions where the casters must stay behind or are used for different purposes.

If the spellcasters use all of their actions for the day, it typically means that they are spent on all their spell slots, though the DM may decide that certain actions or spells are still possible for them to cast, but only for a select few and they can't help the whole army. 
### Spell-Levels
When an army takes casulties, there is always a chance that they also lose powerful spellcasters and lose access to high spell-levels. At the end of each day of combat that the spellcasters take part in, the army must succeed on a DC 8 Intelligence saving throw or lose one spell-level. If they are brought to 0-level spells, the spellcasters for the army are destroyed and the army must find new replacements.

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# Chapter 8: Traits and Bonuses
An army can differentiate itself from another by special abilities or the ancestral make up of its army. Some armies, like kobolds, are sensitive to sunlight, where as orcs are naturally intimidating to face.

## Ancestry and Armies
If an army is made up of a singular ancestry, they automatically gain their ancestral traits per the table below. They can not choose to ignore a negative trait if it is an ancestral trait.

If an army is made up of a single ancestry, they automatically gain a bonus to their ability score per the table below. If the army is made up of mixed ancestries, they are treated as if they have the human ancestral traits.

It is up to the DM's discretion when an army becomes a mixed ancestry army and loses their specific traits.

If the Ability Score Bonus says, "Any" you may choose any ability to increase except for your Constitution Score. You can not select the same ability score to increase that is already increased by another ancestry trait or ability.
## General Army Traits
An army starts out with a single trait and gains additional traits as they become more experienced. If the army has multiple learned traits due to its experience, and then the army drops in experience, due to hiring on new recruits or being off campaign for an extended period, you can choose which trait to keep. You can not take a trait more than once.
#### Adaptable
The army doesn't suffer penalties for marching through inhospitable terrain like deserts or jungles.
#### Ambushers
If the army is the aggressor, it has advantage on all attack rolls against an enemy that hasn't taken an action yet.
#### Army
**Automatically Given To All Armies**
 The army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the army can move through any opening large enough for a small creature. Additionally, the army is immune to the following conditions: Charmed, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Prone, Restrained, Stunned.
#### Charge
Once per day, when the army moves into another army's space and attacks, they make the attack roll with advantage.
#### Craftsmen
The army has access to craftsmen, prices for equipment are decreased by 5% times the army's proficiency bonus.
#### Extra Attack
**Medium Armies Only, Can Not Be Selected**
 The army can attack twice, instead of once, whenever they take the Attack action on their turn.

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#### Finesse
The army can use Dexterity instead of Strength when wielding weapons that have the Finesse property.
#### Foragers
The army has advantage on Wisdom (Survival) checks for finding food and supplies.
#### Grizzled
The army can reroll a failed Morale check, they can do this a number of times equal to their proficiency bonus.
#### Improved Extra Attack
**Large Armies Only, Can Not Be Selected**
 The army can attack four times, instead of once, whenever they take the Attack action on their turn.
#### Martial Advantage
The army deals an additional die of damage. The damage die is determined by the experience level of the army. A green army deals an additional 1d4 damage, Irregulars - 1d6, Regulars - 1d8, Veterans - 1d10, and Elite - 1d12. 
#### Mounted Charge
**Must Be On Mounts To Use**
 When the mounted unit charges into another army's space and attacks, they make the attack roll with advantage and score a critical hit on a 19 or 20. Mounted combatants can not attack another unit on a range with a fortification.
#### Precise Orders
Fast runners and a clear chain of command provides the army with an additional use of Tactics once per day.
#### Roman March
The army is able to travel faster. They travel an additional 2 miles per day at a Slow Step, additional 4 miles at a March Step, and an additional 6 miles per day at a Full Pace. 
#### Trained Physicians
Once per day when you roll a Hit Die to recover hit points, you can reroll the Hit Die and take either result.
#### Saving Throw
**Can Be Selected Multiple Times**
 The army gains proficiency in a saving throw of their choice.
#### Siege
**Trained Specialized Units Only**
 The army gains the ability to construct siege engines and they can add their proficiency bonus to their attack roll with one.
#### Swift Footed
The army can move an additional range at the beginning of the round once per day. 
#### Well Loved
The army has advantage on Charisma checks to attract new recruits or keep the soldiers from deserting.

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## Ancestral Traits
Ancestral traits can not be selected when your army increases in experience, instead this are automatically given to any army that is made up of a singular ancestry. If additional soldiers join an army made up of a single ancestry, the DM can decide when an army loses these traits.

See the Ancestral Traits and Bonuses chart for more information.
#### Amphibious
The army can breathe air and water.
#### Armor Bonus
The army gains a bonus to their Armor Class.
#### Brute
The army deals an additional die of damage on a hit.
#### Burrow
The army has a burrow speed.
#### Climb
The army has a climb speed.
#### Darkvision
The army has darkvision up to Range 1.
#### Fly
The army has a fly speed.
#### Immunity
The army gains immunity to a damage type or condition.
#### Incorporeal
The army can move through obstacles and fortifications and they gain damage resistance to bludgeoning, piercing, and slashing from nonmagical attacks.
#### Lucky
When the army rolls a 1 on the d20 for an attack roll, ability check, or saving throw, they can reroll the die and must use the new roll.
#### Magic Resistance
The army has advantage on saving throws against spells and magical abilities.
#### Mindless
**Prerequisite: Army made of Undead or Constructs**
 The army automatically succeeds on Morale checks and Charisma skills automatically fail against them.
#### Natural Armor
The army has a natural Armor Class. 
#### Natural Weapons
The army has natural weapons.
#### Nimble Escape
The army can move 2 ranges back if it chooses to fall back.

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#### Pack Tactics
The army has advantage on attack rolls against another army while occupying the same range.
#### Proficiency
The army has proficiency in a specific skill.
#### Resilience
The army has no need for food, drink, or air and they do not suffer exhaustion from not sleeping.
#### Resistance
The army gains a resistance to a type of damage. 
#### Savage
On a critical hit, the army deals an additional die of damage, do not double that die.
#### Save Resistance
The army has advantage on saving throws against certain effects.
#### Shapechange
The soldiers of the army have the ability to change their shape so long as they change into a creature with the same general shape and build of themselves.
#### Sunlight Sensitivity
While in sunlight, the army has disadvantage on attack rolls, as well as on Wisdom (Perception) checks that rely on sight.
#### Swim
The army has a swim speed.
#### Undead
The army has no need for food, drink, air or sleep. 
## Class Traits
Some armies might be made up of a single 'class' or style of fighting. These traits can not be selected by an army, but rather a DM decides if an army qualifies for them.
#### Lay on Hands [Paladin]
Once per day, the army can choose to heal themselves, or another army who occupies the same range, for a number of d4s equal to their proficiency bonus at the end of a round.

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</div>

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# Chapter 9: Combat
When a kingdom wishes to assert their dominance or lays a claim to a castle that is currently not theirs, they must go to war. Armies are made up of multiple units, but this is abstracted out into a single entity unless specialized units are formed.

## The Order of Combat
Combat is the process of any number of armies, and any of their specialized units, facing off against each other. Sometimes this could include laying siege to a castle, gaining control over a river, or for pushing back the forces of evil. Regardless of what the combat is about, it is chaotic. These rules seek to remove the individual and chaotic conflicts out of such massive conflicts.

The chaos of war is organized into a cycle of rounds and turns. A **round** represents 2 hours of fighting in the game world. During a round, each army takes their turn, the order of turns is determined by who is the aggressor in the conflict followed by the defender. Once each side has taken their turn, the fight continues to the next round if neither side has defeated the other. 
#### Surprise
The DM determines who might be surprised. If neither army tries to be stealthy, they automatically notice each other. Otherwise, the DM compares the Dexterity (Stealth) checks of a sneaking army or specialized unit hiding with the passive Wisdom (Perception) score of the opposing army or specialized unit. Any army or specialized unit that doesn't notice a threat is surprised at the start of the encounter.

If you're surprised, you are unable to give out your initial orders and are forced to expend one use of your Tactics if you wish to give out orders. An army still has access to their normal actions. You suffer a penalty on the end of the round Morale check when attacked while surprised.

A surprised army does not gain the benefits of their armor unless they take a penalty to their attack and damage rolls this round in order to don their armor. The penalty is based on the type of equipment being donned: Light armor is a minus 1 penalty, Medium armor minus 3 penalty, Heavy armor minus 6 penalty, and a shield is a minus 1 penalty.

An army with natural armor always has it equipped.
#### Initiative
To determine initiative, the army who begins the aggression goes first. This means if one army is starting the conflict, they go first followed by the defending army.

If more than one army is on a side, you can roll a d20 and add the army's Dexterity modifier to determine order.

If both armies are being aggressive towards each other, both armies should roll a d20 and add the army's Dexterity modifier. Whoever gets the highest total decides whether they go first or last. If there are more than two armies going, the second highest total can then decide where they go in the order until all armies are decided.

Any specialized units take their turn at the same time as the main army.

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> ##### Combat Step-By-Step
>
> 1. **Determine Surprise.** The DM determines whether anyone involved in the combat encounter is surprised.
>
> 2. **Establish Positions and Orders.** The DM decides where all the armies are located and the initial orders are given to the armies. If an army has a specialized unit already separated from the main army, they are given their own position as well. 
>
> 3. **Determine the Aggressor.** The army who begins the aggression goes first, with the defender responding. If both sides charge at each other first, they can roll Initiative using their army's Dexterity modifier.
>
> 4. **Take Turns.** Each turn is broken down into four sections: **Spellcasters** (optional), a **Movement & Tactics**, an **Action**, and **Resolving the Round**. 
     ***A.*** The attacking army chooses the action for their **Spellcasters** first, followed by the defending army. 
     ***B.*** After that, the attacking army decides on their **Movement & Tactics**, followed by the defender. The armies can move 1 Range.
     ***C.*** Then the **Actions** are taken, first by the attacking army and then the defending army.
     ***D.*** **Resolving the Round**, after all other actions are taken, damage is then rolled followed by Morale checks. 
>
> 5. **Begin the Next Round.** When every army involved in the combat has had a turn, the round ends. Repeat step 4 until the fighting stops.

## The Round
During a single round, there are four steps that each army goes through in order. The aggressor's army will go first in each part of the round, followed by the defender. You can not go back to a previous step. 
#### Step 1: Spellcasters (Optional)
Spellcasters choose their action from their list. If an army doesn't have spellcasters, they skip this step and go on to the next step once all other armies have finished this step.
##### Step 1a: Specialty Units
If an army is wishing to deploy specialty units for this round, and they haven't already split them off, this is the time to split them from your main army so that they may move independently of the main army on the next step.

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#### Step 2: Movement & Tactics
Each army can choose to immediately move up to 1 range, the aggressor army moves first followed by the defending army.

Then, every army at the start of each day, not round, gets a set of orders that they must follow. This is considered the strategy of the army and once orders are dispatched, the army follows those orders to the best of their ability. After the initial orders are given, the army can choose to change their Tactics on subsequent turns by sending out new orders.

An army continues their set Tactics until...

- They leave combat for the day
- The opposing army leaves combat
- Their Tactics specifies it ends after a certain amount of time
- They change their Tactics by expending one of their uses of Tactics or by succeeding on a Dexterity (Acrobatics) check if they are out of Tactics

Once the aggressor army decides their Tactics, the defending army then gets to choose their Tactics. Each army is aware of the other army's Tactics unless the armies are hidden from each other's perception or one attempts to obfuscate what they are doing. 
#### Step 3: Action
ach army decides on an action to take, this is typically, but not limited to, making an attack. Attack rolls are made, but damage is not rolled until the end of the round. 
#### Step 4: Resolving the Round
At the end of the round, damage is rolled and applied to each army, specialized unit and fortifications. Each army must then make their Morale checks, and then can decide if they wish to continue the combat or to fall back.

If an army fails their Morale check, they have no choice but to fall back and a rout begins against them. An army that falls back immediately moves 1 range back and on the next round, the army can attempt to retreat, renew the attack or anything else using their Move.
## Actions in Combat
Most times, the action used by armies will be to make an attack roll with a weapon of their choice.
#### Missed Attacks
Because a single attack roll can't take into account every fight happening in 2 hours, on a missed attack roll, the army still deals damage to their opponent, though the damage is adjusted based on how close they were to hitting the opponent's Armor Class.

If the army misses their opponent by 5 or less on the attack roll, they deal half their normal damage, rounded down. If the army misses their opponent by more than 5, they only deal an amount of damage equal to their Strength or Dexterity modifier, depending on what they used to make their attack roll, they can not deal negative damage.

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#### Multiple Targets
An army being attacked by more than one army or specialized unit must decide who they are focusing their might on for this round. If they have multiple attacks, they can split up their attacks how they see fit.

If a specialized unit is targeted by an attack, and the damage would knock them below 0 hit points, any excess damage is then carried over to the army so long as that army is within range of the original attack.

If the army has a bonus to their damage from their spellcasters, they choose which target to apply that extra damage to before rolling the attack roll. 
### Other Actions
An army, or specialized unit, could also use their action to get themselves set up for the next round by taking a variety of other actions.

**Flank.** When an army, or unit, takes this action they maneuver around the battlefield and their opponent, preparing themselves to charge in the next round. This provides advantage on subsequent rounds against any army, or unit, being flanked. An army, or unit, defending a fortification stops this action from working.

For this action to work, you must have at least two forces striking at the same target and they must not be occupying the same range on this turn.

**Raid.** When an army, or unit, takes this action they are not focused on their opponent but rather on collecting the spoils of war. Attacks against them have advantage, but the army, or unit, is able to collect funds, treasure, food, and loot from the surrounding area. This action only works on cities, fortifications, and other civilized and cultivated lands.

**March.** The army uses their action to move up to an additional 3 ranges.

If an army uses their action to march, and leaves the range of another army, determine how long they were in range of the other army. If they were within range of the opponent army's weapons for 2 ranges, they take half damage. If they were within range of the opponent army's weapons for 1 round, they take only an amount of damage to the opponent's Strength or Dexterity modifier, depending on the weapons being used.
## Tactics in Combat
Every army determines their initial order, a Tactics, for the day, if they change their orders during the Tactics phase of a round, they must expend a use of their Tactics or succeed on a check to issue new orders to the army. Otherwise, if no new orders are given, the army continues following the last Tactics they were ordered to carry out.

Each army features a Tactics score. This is the number of Tactics they can automatically use each day, they expend these uses first. If they exhaust their use of Tactics they have available, they can still change their Tactics, but they must succeed on a DC 10 Dexterity (Acrobatics) check. The DC increases by 2 after each attempt. On a success, they army can perform the new Tactics on this turn, otherwise they are unable to change their Tactics from before.

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An army's Tactics is equal to their Dexterity modifier. If an army has a negative Dexterity modifier, the initial DC increases by 1 for each negative Tactics score they have. *If an army has a -3 Tactics score, the initial Tactics DC is 13.*
### Available Tactics
#### Burn the Land
The army is ordered to ensure that there are no survivors, and slowly march across the battlefield, checking all bodies. The army has disadvantage on the attack roll, but when determining damage, they deal an additional number of d4s of damage equal to half their proficiency bonus. 
#### For King and Country
The army charges across the land, their voices and roars echoing across the fields. The army moves an additional range. You can't move onto a fortification with this movement.
#### Hold the line
**Prerequisite: Can't move this round**
 The army is ordered to hold the line and let no one pass, forming up in tight formations. The army gains a bonus to their AC equal to half the army's proficiency bonus.
#### Reckless Assault
The army attacks with even greater ferocity than before, striking with powerful swings but leaving themselves open for a counterattack. The army gains advantage on all attacks this round, but all attacks against them have advantage. 
#### Repel the Invaders
The army is ordered to push back the enemy at any cost. The army makes a Strength (Athletics) check contested by the Dexterity (Acrobatics) or Strength (Athletics) check of the opposing army who occupies their range, their choice. If they succeed, at the end of the round they are able to push the opposing army back 1 range.

If an army is one size smaller than the other, they suffer disadvantage on the check, like a small army pushing back a medium army. If an army is two sizes larger than the other, they automatically succeed on the check.
#### Rotate the Men
**Prerequisite: Can't move this round**
 Fresh replacements are called up from the back and the Morale DC is lowered by the army's proficiency bonus. This Tactic only happens once, to gain the benefits of this feature again, you must perform the Tactic again and expend another use. You can not lower the Morale DC below the base DC.
#### Seize the Barricades
The army surges forward over the battlements, pushing on to fortifications. The army can, after using their movement this round to move onto a range with fortifications, attempt to gain a foothold on the fortifications. The army makes an Athletics (Strength) check versus the defender's Athletics (Strength) or Acrobatics (Dexterity) check. On a success, the army can also occupy the fortifications, on a failure the army is pushed back 1 range at the end of the round. The army has disadvantage on their attack rolls when they make this check.

If an army is one size smaller than the other, they suffer disadvantage on the check, i.e. a small army pushing back a medium army. If an army is two sizes larger than the other, they automatically succeed on the check.
## Movement and Position
Armies are in constant motion, at the beginning of every round, before Tactics are declared or actions determined, they can move 1 Range in an attempt to close distance. 
#### Augmenting Movements
To increase the amount your army can move in a single round, you can use a Tactic, like **For King and Country** or use your Action to **March**. 
#### Difficult Terrain
Armies rarely are able to fight on just a flat field, but rather are forced to fight in forests, siege castles or over obstacles. When an army moves from 1 range to a range with obstacles, fortifications or difficult terrain, they must succeed on a Strength saving throw at the end of the round, or be unable to move the following round unless they use their action to push forward or a Tactic that allows them to move forward.

On a failed saving throw, the army is unable to move forward as the army faces difficulties moving men to the front, overcoming obstacles and consolidating the soldiers. After one round of not moving, they can begin moving again.

The DC is determined by the difficulty of the obstacles. Example DCs are provided below.

|DC|Obstacles|
|:-:|:-|
|5|Dense Forest|
|8|Desert Sands|
|10|Impromptu Barricades|
|10|Empty Moat|

|||
|:-:|:-|
|13|Fort Walls|
|13|Water Moat|
|15|Climbing Cliffs|
|20|Magical Fields of Force|

</div>

#### Moving Around Armies and Units
You can move into another army's space, but you are unable to move past them. Once you enter the same range as an enemy, you are in battle with them and you are unable to push through them unless they are defeated, they begin falling back or their army is two size categories smaller than yours, in which case you treat the enemy as difficult terrain with a DC equal to half their Constitution Score.

You can move through and past a unit unless they have enough soldiers to equal a quarter of your army or unit. When you do so, they gain advantage on their attack roll against you for that round, if they are able to make an attack.

Certain terrain might mean that your army is unable to move past a smaller force, per the DM's discretion.
#### Flying/Swimming Movement
Some armies can fly, while flying, you ignore the effects of most difficult terrain that are focused on the land and you can move through the ranges of an opposed army.

If any army has a swimming speed, the army can fight normally in the water and doesn't suffer disadvantage on attack rolls and they ignore water as difficult terrain unless the water is especially rough.

\pagebreakNum

An army, that is larger than Tiny, has the option of splitting their forces into 2. This means that an army can control at least two 1/2 Ranges, this allows an army to have more men on the front lines and to control more space, like having to defend an entire city that is more than 1 Range in size. This doesn't provide any benefits like flanking and the army takes the same Tactics and Action across every Range it controls. 
#### Playing on a Grid
It is recommended that you play these armies using a hex grid to help clarify Ranges.

**Hexes.** Each hex on a grid represents 1 Range. Small armies can occupy 1 Range or occupy two half-Ranges.

When an army wishes to move forward 1 Range, they travel one hex over to any hex that is touching their current hex. If an army is in a hex they wish to travel too, they can freely move on to that hex and use their Action to attack them with melee weapons.

On the other hand, if an army wishes to fire ranged weapons at an enemy, the enemy must be a number of hexes away or less equal to the weapon's Range. If your army is using slings, the enemy must be up to 1 hex, or 1 Range, away from your army otherwise you miss on your attack. On the other hand, if your army is using longbows, you can strike out at an army that is 3 hexes, or 3 Ranges, away from you. 
#### Extra Attack and Hexes
Medium and larger sized armies occupy multiple hexes and they have additional attacks thanks to their Extra Attack trait. Each hex of an army can make only a single attack. This means if only one hex of your medium sized army, which occupies two hexes, is in the same range as an opposing army, only that one hex can make a melee attack. The other hex must either make a ranged attack or pass on making an attack this round. <img src='https://www.gmbinder.com/images/viBKPVc.jpg' width='400' style='position:absolute; bottom:20px; right:0px; mix-blend-mode:multiply;'>

\pagebreakNum

#### Occupying Multiple Ranges
If an army is occupying multiple ranges, the army must always be in corresponding hexes with sides that are touching each other. If you split an army apart and move them away from each other, the army should be split into smaller armies so that they can make their Tactics and Actions independently, this may affect their overall size and decrease them from one size category down to another. This would change the Constitution score, and the hit points, of the armies.

*If a medium army of 6,000 splits into two, this would create two armies of 3,000 each. This would decrease each of their sizes from medium to small.*

If the armies combine back at the end of the day, they make the end of the day checks, like to recover hit points, as usual. If they end the day separated, they must make their own checks independent of each other. 
## Making an Attack
When you make an attack, there is a simple structure to it.

1. Choose a target. Pick a target within your attack's range: a creature, an object, or a location.

2. Determine modifiers. The DM determines whether the target has cover and whether you have advantage or disadvantage against the target. In addition, spells, special abilities, Tactics, and other effects can apply penalties or bonuses to your attack roll.

3. Resolve the attack. You make the attack roll. On a hit, you roll damage, unless the particular attack has rules that specify otherwise. Some attacks cause special effects in addition to or instead of damage.

#### Attack Rolls
When you make an attack, your attack roll determines how well you succeed on an attack. To make an attack roll, roll a d20 and add the appropriate modifiers. If the total of the roll plus modifiers equals or exceeds the opposing army's Armor Class (AC), the attack hits. If the army misses their opponent by 5 or less on their attack roll, they deal half their normal damage, rounded down. If the army misses their opponent by more than 5, they deal an amount of damage equal to their Strength or Dexterity modifier, based on what ability they used for their attack roll. 
#### Modifiers to the Roll
When an army makes an attack roll, the two most common modifiers to the roll are an ability modifier and the army's proficiency bonus.

***Ability Modifier.*** The ability modifier used for a melee weapon attack is Strength, and the ability modifier used for a ranged weapon attack is Dexterity. Weapons that have the finesse or thrown property break this rule.

***Proficiency Bonus.*** An army adds their proficiency bonus to their attack roll when they attack using a weapon with which they have proficiency.

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#### Rolling 1 or 20
Sometimes fate blesses or curses an army, causing the green army to hit and the veteran army to miss.

If the d20 roll for an attack is a 20, the attack hits regardless of any modifiers or the target's AC. This is called a critical hit, which is explained later.

If the d20 roll for an attack is a 1, the attack misses regardless of any modifiers or the target's AC and the army only deals an amount of damage equal to their Dexterity or Strength modifier, dependent on which ability they used to make the attack.
#### Unseen Attackers and Targets
Combatants often try to escape their foes notice by hiding, casting the *invisibility* spell, or lurking in darkness.

When you attack an army that you can't see, you have disadvantage on the attack roll. This is true whether you're guessing the target's location or you're targeting an army you can hear but not see. If the army isn't in the location you targeted, you automatically miss.

When an army can't see an opposing army, the opposing army has advantage on attack rolls against that army.

If an army is hidden — both unseen and unheard — when the army makes an attack, they give away their location when the attack hits or misses.
#### Ranged Attacks
When an army makes a ranged attack, they fire a bow or a crossbow, hurl a handaxe, or otherwise send projectiles to strike a foe at a distance. 
##### Range
You can make ranged attacks only against targets within a specified range. You can not make an attack outside of the specified range.
##### Ranged Attacks in Melee Combat
Aiming a ranged attack is more difficult when an army is attacking you at melee. When an army makes a ranged attack with a weapon, a spell, or some other means, they have disadvantage on the attack roll if the army is within Range 0, and they automatically deal an amount of damage equal to their Dexterity or Strength modifier, depending on what weapon they are using, to their own army, or allied army, from friendly fire. Like always, if they miss the attack, they only deal half damage to the opposing army.

Ranged weapons with a Range 0 ignore this penalty.
#### Melee Attacks
Used in hand-to-hand combat, a melee attack allows an army to attack a foe within Range 0. A melee attack typically uses a handheld weapon such as a sword, a warhammer, or an axe.

Instead of using a weapon to make a melee weapon attack, an army can use an unarmed strike: a punch, kick, head-butt, or similar forceful blow (none of which count as weapons). On a hit, an unarmed strike deals bludgeoning damage equal to 1 + the army's Strength modifier. An army is proficient with their unarmed strikes.

\pagebreakNum

#### Routing the Enemy
In a battle, both sides are attempting to break the other army's morale and attack the army when it's morale breaks and it flees. Such an attack is called a rout.

An army can make a rout when the opposing army or unit begins fleeing at the end of the round, to make a rout attack, the army must decide to continue the battle and on the next round, must immediately move from their position, like a fortification, and follow the fleeing army, cutting down at the stragglers. You have advantage on the attack and the opposing army can not attack you back during this round. You must then succeed on a Constitution saving throw or the rout ends.

An army can continue attacking the fleeing army on subsequent rounds, but they must continue moving further and further away from their original location in the chase and at the end of every round must succeed on a Constitution saving throw. On a success, they can continue the rout, on a fail the rout ends as the fleeing army escapes.

The DC begins at 10 and increases in difficulty by 1 for every subsequent round after. If an army continues the rout with a specialized unit with special bonuses to their movement, like calvary, they have advantage on the saving throw. Each round of a rout is roughly 30 minutes.
##### Falling Back
You can avoid provoking a rout by falling back at the end of the round, only after you succeed on your morale check, and you immediately move back 1 Range. 
##### Two-Weapon Fighting
When an army takes the Attack action and attacks with a light melee weapon that they are holding in one hand, they can then make an extra attack with a different light melee weapon that they are holding in the other hand. The army doesn't add their ability modifier to the damage of the bonus attack, unless that modifier is negative. They can only make this extra attack once per round against a target of their choice, even if they are being attacked by multiple foes.
## Cover
Walls, mantlets, fortifications, and other obstacles can provide cover during combat, making an army more difficult to harm. An army can benefit from cover only when an attack or other effect originates on the opposite side of the cover.

There are three degrees of cover. If an army is behind multiple sources of cover, only the most protective degree of cover applies; the degrees aren't added together. For example, if an army is behind a mantlet that gives half cover and a stone wall that gives three-quarters cover, the army has three-quarters cover.
#### Half Cover
An army with half cover has a +2 bonus to AC and Dexterity saving throws. A target has half cover if an obstacle blocks at least half of its body. The obstacle might be a low wall, a mantlet, special siege shields or other obstacles.

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#### Three-Quarters Cover
An army with three-quarters cover has a +5 bonus to AC and Dexterity saving throws. A target has three-quarters cover if about three-quarters of it is covered by an obstacle. The obstacle might be a portcullis, an arrow slit, or a special siege engine.
#### Total Cover
An army with total cover can't be targeted directly by an attack or a spell, although some spells can reach such a target by including it in an area of effect. An army has total cover if it is completely concealed by an obstacle.
## Damage and Healing
Armies use equipment designed to maim and destroy, employing spellcasters to cast down destruction and devestation. 
#### Hit Points
Hit points represent a combination of the army's durability and the number of men. Armies with more hit points are more difficult to destroy, while those with less are easier to wipe out.

An army's current hit points can be any number from the army's hit point maximum down to 0. This number changes frequently as an army takes damage or receives healing.

Whenever an army takes damage, that damage is subtracted from its hit points. The loss of hit points has no effect on an army's capabilities until it drops to 0 hit points or makes it lose a size category. See **Army Size** for more information.
##### Size and Hit Points
The basic assumption of hit points is that it is applied to medium-sized creatures. If an army, or a specialty unit, is made up of large or larger creatures, than their hit points are increased. To determine the total of hit points that an army or specialty unit has, see the chart below.

|Creature Size|Hit Points|Additional Damage Die|
|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|Medium|x1|+0|
|Large|x2|+1|
|Huge|x3|+2|
|Gargantuan|x4|+3|

These hit points are merely an abstraction to account for the much greater size of the creatures being fought and, beyond increase the hit points of the army or unit, has no bearing on their Constitution score.

\pagebreakNum

#### Damage Rolls
An army deals damage when it fights another army and that army is within range of the attacks. An army rolls their damage die or dice, adds any modifiers, and applies the damage to the target.

Damage rolls are only made after both sides have made their attack rolls. Damage is determined at the end of the round, not during it so an army, even if it is destroyed during the round, still deals damage back to the other army.

With a penalty, it is possible to deal 0 damage, but never negative damage.

When attacking with a weapon, an army adds their ability modifier — the same modifier used for the attack roll — to the damage. This modifier is also used to determine how much damage they deal if they miss the attack roll by more than 5 against the target's Armor Class.

If you have spellcasters, and they helped this round, they add to the damage per the action that they took to help.

If you missed on the attack roll, the attack still deals some damage to the other army based on how close you were to hitting their Armor Class. Battles take 2 hours for each round, and it is almost impossible to deal no damage to another army. 
##### Critical Hits
When you score a critical hit, you get to roll extra dice for the attack's damage against the army. Roll all of the attack's damage dice twice and add them together. Then add any relevant modifiers as normal.
#### Healing
There are a few ways of regaining hit points, though it is difficult to regain hit points once they are lost as men who die on the battlefield can't all be brought back with magic. You can only use up to a number of Hit Die per day equal to your proficiency bonus (minimum 1).
##### Revitalizing Units
If an army has fought within the last 24 hours, at the end of the day, the army can attempt a DC 10 Wisdom (Medicine) check, on a success they can roll their Hit Die to regain a number of lost hit points. Once you expend those Hit Die, the army does not regain them until they spend a week with no combat.

You can not regain more hit points than your hit point maximum.
##### Losing Units
War reduces army sizes, and this is no different for your own army. At the end of each day, any hit points you don't restore are permanently lost and you lose men. If you lose enough hit points at the end of the day that you are at least one full Hit Die down from your maximum, you permanently lose a point of Constitution and that Hit Die. You continue this process until you are no longer at least one full Hit Die down from your new hit point maximum. 
##### Dropping to 0 Hit Points
When an army drops to 0 hit points, the army is destroyed and the soldiers immediately disperse, at least the ones still alive do.

\columnbreak

## Locations and Combat
### Mounted Combat
If the entire army or specialized unit has mounts, they can move 2 Ranges at the start of each round instead of 1. They also have advantage on their Constitution saving throw when performing a rout. If the calvary is being routed, they impose disadvantage to the army performing the rout as they are difficult to keep up with.
### Underwater Combat
An army or specialized unit can only take part in underwater combat if all of the soldiers can breathe underwater.

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# Chapter 10: Morale
An army that is constantly fighting and not paying attention to the well being of their troops finds it harder to field their armies as well as keep the men from running during battle.

## Morale Check
In order to determine when an army might break during a battle, the army must make a Morale check at the end of every round. In order to succeed against the Morale check, the army makes a saving throw (rolling a d20) and adding in their Charisma modifier and their proficiency bonus - *this is not a Charisma saving throw, but rather a saving throw that includes their Charisma modifier*.

The Charisma modifier represents the army commanders and leaders ability to persuade, or intimidate, their army into holding together. The proficiency bonus represents that a more experienced army with seasoned soldiers are less likely to break than armies composed of only peasants.

At the end of the first round of a battle, the base Morale check DC is 5. After every subsequent round, the DC increases by 1, there is no maximum and if the armies both fall back for the day, the DC does not reset until the battle is won, either by destroying the opposing army, routing the enemy, seizing their fortifications or if one side retreats from the battle completely - though that may have an effect on future Morale checks if that army ever faces that same army at a later date.
#### Specialized Units
Specialized Units must make their own Morale checks and the DC is set as when they split off from the main army. If they reform into the main army, they then assume the DC of the army. 
### Affecting the Morale Check
Certain effects on the battlefield will have different affects on the Morale DC, and either increase it or decrease it over the course of a battle.
#### Interactions that Increase the DC
- If your army **does not** have spellcasters taking part in the battle, and the opposing army **does**, the Morale DC *increases by 1* for every action that the spellcasters take.
- If a specialized unit fails a Morale check, or is destroyed, then the *DC increases by 2* for the army. 
- If an army fails the Morale check, and they have a specialized unit on the field, all specialized units *automatically fails* their Morale check and flee.
- If the enemy army is 1 size category larger than your army, the *DC increases by 1* for every size category above your army, this happens only **once per day** at the start.

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#### Interactions that Decrease the DC
- If an army, or unit, scores a critical hit, by rolling a 20 on a d20 for an attack roll, then the DC for the Morale check *decreases by 1*.
- If the army receives divine healing from their spellcasters, the DC *decreases by 1*.
- If the army is defending their home, like a city, the *DC decreases by 4*, this happens only **once per day** at the start and *does not* stack with defending a fortification.
- If the army is defending a fortification, like a castle or tower, the *DC decreases by 2*, this happens only **once per day** at the start and *does not* stack with defending their home.

#### Recovering Morale
An army has a chance to lower their Morale DC so long as they aren't in combat non-stop. An army has to have at least 8 hours, or 4 rounds, of rest in order to improve their morale. At the end of this time, the army can make a Charisma (Persuasion) check or a Charisma (Intimidation) check to decrease the Morale DC for the army. 
|Check Result|Decrease Morale DC (Persuasion)|Decrease Morale DC (Intimidation)|
|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|5|1|-|
|10|2|1|
|15|3|2|
|20|4|3|
|25|5|4|

You can not decrease the DC below 5 when attempting to recover morale.
#### Failing a Morale Check
On a failed morale check, the army is beginning to strain and smart commanders will find it more difficult to keep the army together. The army has three chances before they completely fall apart and a rout begins.

- First failed Morale check, the army suffers a -2 penalty to their attack rolls and Armor Class. 
- Second failed Morale check, the army suffers a -5 penalty to their attack rolls and Armor Class.
- The third time an army fails their Morale check, a rout begins.

If an army fails three Morale checks, and once the rout is complete, meaning the opposing army has failed their Constitution saving throw to keep up with your fleeing army, you can make a Charisma (Persuasion or Intimidation) check to consolidate your troops.

Depending on the result, your army may experience desertion due to the fear of death or a lack of trust in the army's ability to win battles.

Once an army is able to rest for 8 hours, or 4 rounds, without fighting, any failed Morale checks are reset.

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#### Desertion Rate

|Check Result|Desertion Percentage|
|:-:|:-:|
|5|50%|
|10|20%|
|15|10%|

|Check Result|Desertion Percentage|
|:-:|:-:|
|20|5%
|25|2%|
|30|0%|

</div>

Per the DM's discretion, this might mean important nobles may leave your army and take their army with them. 
### Fanatics and Morale
Some armies are considered fanatics, meaning that they believe so completely in their cause that they are harder to break and will often fight to the death. Fanatical armies, per the DM's discretion, have advantage on their Morale checks and on checks to Recover Morale and to recover from a rout. 
#### Undead and Constructs
Certain creature types, like undead and constructs, are mindless and never make Morale checks, they are assumed to always succeed.

> ##### More on Morale
>Not every idea can be fully fleshed out and every mechanic fully envelope everything that would have happened during an actual siege. There are many things that were used to help the morale of the soldiers, from church services to extra rations to games and more. If the players come up with a good idea to bring morale up, consider allowing it to work either the one time, a few times, or always.

# Chapter 11: Fortifications
Defending a keep, a city or a fortress is a major use of most armies, with very few attacking others.

Fortifications can take the form of a variety structures, from wooden forts hastily constructed after a long march to castle walls and to wooden palisades, fortifications can provide defensive capabilities for an army and ensure that aggressors are pushed back. 
#### Cover
Fortifications all provide different degrees of cover, with basic walls and forts providing half cover to the army, and more expensive walls and fortifications providing three quarters cover or even total cover in certain circumstances. The amount of cover a fortification provides is given below in the **Fortifications** chart.
#### Moving onto Fortifications
If an army wishes to siege a range occupied by fortifications, they must take the *Seize the Barricades* Tactics. On a success, the army occupies the fortifications at the end of the round, on a failure, the army is pushed back. Just because an army succeeds on occupying the range that the fortifications occupy, that doesn't mean they have penetrated the walls, but rather that they have soldiers fighting along and on the fortifications.

Getting your soldiers on to the fortifications allows the army to use their melee weapons and can negate the armor bonuses that fortifications provide.

In order for your army to push into and past the fortifications, like pushing through defensive walls and into a city, the army must force the defenders into a rout, into falling back or by destroying the army. 
#### Sizes
Cities and forts come in a variety of sizes and shapes, and it is dependent on DM discretion as to their size. Most forts, castles and small cities occupy on a single range, or a single hex if using a hex map.

Larger cities, with populations of at least 20,000, begin taking up more space and require extra ranges that need protection.
## Building a Fortified City
Fortified cities take a variety of forms and sizes, and it greatly depends on the wealth of the city, natural features, and the age of the city. Many smaller cities may not have the funds to build a large crenellated wall and must settle for wooden pallisades or a thin defensive wall. Other cities may have multiple walls surrounding the city, with killing grounds in between them and with moats filled with alligators and other fearsome carnivores. When designing a city, there are a few things to think of.
#### Natural Defenses
Many cities, castles or forts are built into natural defensive locations. A keep may be built into a cliff, a city may be built along a wide river, and a palace may be built on a steep hill that is almost impossible to climb unless you take a specific path. These natural defenses may block armies from approaching the city from certain angles and thwart the enemy armies from simply laying siege to the gates. 
#### The City's Wealth
Building walls are expensive and time consuming, its important to keep in mind that while every city would love for a 20-foot thick wall, very few could afford to wrap the entire city. Often times there are more defensive locations in the city featuring inner walls that might be constructed of thicker walls to better protect the nobility and upper classes, while the rest of the city is protected by a thin wall.

\pagebreakNum

##### Fortifications
|Fortification|Armor Class|Hit Points|Cover|AC/Dexterity Save Bonus|Cost|Material|Time to Build (10 workers)|
|:-|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|Keep / Small Castle|18|60 HP per inch|Total|-|50,000 gp|Stone|400 Days
|Palace / Large Castle|18|60 HP per inch|Total|-|500,000 gp|Stone|1,200 Days|
|Crenellated Walls (84-inches)|18|60 HP per inch|3/4|5|61,600 gp per 1/4 mile|Stone|185 Days per 1/4 mile|
|Crenellated Walls (120-inches)|18|60 HP per inch|3/4|5|88,000 gp per 1/4 mile|Stone|264 Days per 1/4 mile|
|Crenellated Walls (240-inches)|18|60 HP per inch|3/4|5|176,000 gp per 1/4 mile|Stone|528 Days per 1/4 mile|
|Defensive Walls|15|30 HP per inch|1/2|2|2,200 gp per 1/4 mile|Stone|6.6 Days per 1/4 mile|
|Wooden Palisade|10|15 HP per inch|1/2|2|440 gp per 1/4 mile|Wood|1 Day per 1/4 mile|
|Mantlet|10|10 HP per inch|1/2*|2|100 gp per 100 soldiers|Wood|1 Day per 100|
|Archer/Defensive Tower|15|30 HP per inch|3/4|5|15,000 gp|Stone|100 Days
|Moat (3 feet deep, 12 feet wide)|-|-|-|-|85 gp per 1/4 mile|Dirt|43 Days per 1/4 mile

</div>

#### Access to Magic
Magic is a great solver of many problems, and creating a defensive wall is something that druids, sorcerers, and wizards can all accomplish if they have mastery over 5th-level spells. A true archmage, one who can cast 9th-level spells, could cast the spell _wall of stone_ up to 11 times a day, allowing them to create a 6-inch thick wall that is 10 feet high and 220 feet long in as little as 3 hours. That is only 1/24th of a mile and would require far more spellcasters to help speed it along. In 30 days, a single spellcaster could create a wall that is 1.25 miles long - or double that if you are willing to sacrifice wall thickness.

This is a faster process of building defensive walls, though spellcasters typically ask for enormous sums of money for their services and may not wish to use all their powerful spell slots every day for months on end. 
#### Determining City Sizes
A general rule of thumb is that 5,000 to 50,000 people in a city need 1 square mile to live in, meaning a wall to protect a city of that size would be up to 4 miles long. On the other hand, ancient Rome was ~7 square miles and said to have a population of 1,000,000 - that is a population density of 142,857 people per square mile.
## Structures
Structures can take on a wide variety of shapes and sizes, as well as what defenses they offer and how they can protect an army. When designing a structure, think about how long that structure has existed for, how much wealth has been devoted to its upkeep and for building it up.

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#### Keep / Small & Large Castle / Place
A keep is a fortified stone building that houses important nobles, dignitaries and kings. Most keeps are thinner than the walls that protect it, with 1- or 2-foot thick walls. Keeps come in a large variety of sizes and shapes. They have an AC 18, 60 HP per inch of thickness, resistance to piercing and slashing, immunity to poison and psychic damage, and a damage threshold of 15.   
#### Crenellated Walls
The crenellated walls is a structure built over a long period of time that offers greater protection against siege engines and the like. A crenellated wall is 40-feet tall and 10-feet wide and the set thickness comes in differing sizes (see chart above). The wall has an AC 18, 60 HP per inch of thickness, resistance to piercing and slashing, immunity to poison and psychic damage, and a damage threshold of 20.
#### Defensive Wall
The defensive wall is a structure built in a quick time frame to help protect from invaders. A defensive wall is in 10-foot by 10-foot sections with a thickness of 6-inches, AC 15, 30 HP per inch of thickness, resistance to piercing and slashing, immunity to poison and psychic damage, and a damage threshold of 15.
#### Wooden Palisade
Wooden palisades are quick constructions used mainly for temporary camps or when a city has no stone wall. A wooden palisade is in 10-foot by 10-foot sections with a thickness of 2-inches, AC 10, 15 HP per inch of thickness, resistance to piercing, immunity to poison and psychic damage, and a damage threshold of 10.

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#### Mantlet
Mantlets are mobile wooden shields used for archers of attacking armies and these large wooden structures can be moved around on wheels. The mantlet only provides its bonuses to range attacks and is 5-feet wide by 5-feet tall with a thickness of 1-inch, AC 10, 15 HP per inch of thickness, resistance to piercing, immunity poison and psychic damage, and a damage threshold of 10.
#### Moat
Moats are dug trenches that are typically 12 feet wide or wider, and 3- to 30-feet deep. These earthern works are used to repel invaders and keep it difficult for the soldiers to bring up siege equipment or climbing the walls. While a moat, whether dry or with water, is still in working order, soldiers can not bring siege engines to the walls and it is treated as difficult terrain.
### What is Damage Threshold?
A fortification has immunity to all damage unless it takes an amount of damage equal to or greater than its damage threshold, in which case it takes damage as normal. Any damage that fails to meet or exceed the damage threshold is considered superficial and doesn’t reduce the structure’s hit points.
### Targeting
A mile long crenellated wall that is 240-inches thick would have 7,603,200 hit points, but the goal of siege equipment is not to destroy the entire wall but key locations to send the soldiers through. A 10-foot section would only have 14,400 hit points and is easier to breach. See **Siege Equipment** for more information.
# Chapter 12: Weather Conditions
Weather can play an important part in determining who wins a battle. If heavy rains causes the ground to turn from hard pack earth to 3-foot deep mud, the army won't be able to bring up their siege equipments and their calvary won't be able to move quickly across the field of battle without serious risk to their horses.

#### Cold
The cold weather saps the will and strength of the army. At the end of the day, the army's Morale DC increases by 1 unless steps are taken to appropriately warm the soldiers. This could mean spending extra on gathering more supplies for kindling, providing extra meals or using your spellcasters to create domes of temperature controlled weather.

Blizzards increase the Morale DC by 2.
#### Fog
Early morning fog can obscure armies and make it difficult to discern who to fire at. Armies are heavily obscured by fog and have advantage on their Dexterity (Stealth) checks to remain hidden by it. 
#### Heat
Just as the cold can sap the strength, so can the intense heat of a blazing sun in the desert, a jungle or prairie. At the end of the day, the army's Morale DC increases by 1 unless steps are taken to appropriately shield the soldiers from the heat of the sun. This could mean utilizing spellcasters to create domes of temperature controlled weather, providing extra fresh water rations or half-speed marches.
#### Rain and Mud
Heavy downpours can turn even the hardest packed dirt road into horrible mud, forcing armies to slow down and to lose valuable momentum when conducting sieges. An army must succeed on a DC 8 Strength saving throw or they are unable to move forward 1 Range at the start of their turn. They can still use their Tactics or Action to surge forward, though the DM may rule that it is difficult terrain. This save must be repeated at the start of every round.
#### Storms
If an army is laying siege to a fortification, and there are horrible gales of wind whipping rain everywhere, projectiles are going to be less accurate and all ranged attacks will have disadvantage at Range 1. If an army attempts to attack from further than that, their attacks automatically miss.

Siege equipment will have disadvantage on all attacks at Range 3 or less, and beyond that will automatically miss. 
#### Magical Weather
Magical weather can create unease in an army, spooking horses and soldiers alike. If spellcasters work together, they can control the weather to create these effects to hamper the enemy army or calm horrible storms for their army.

\pagebreakNum

# Chapter 13: Travel
Armies are only useful if they are able to travel, and travel quickly. The more time you provide a city to bring up their fortifications, the harder it is to bring down the walls and crush them under your boot heel.

## Marching
Armies can decide to travel at three different speeds as they make their journey across the countryside - Slow Step, March Step, and Full Pace. The number of miles traveled is affected by how fast the army can move, though slower moving armies are able to scrounge throughout the land for much needed supplies like food and lumber. 
##### Traveling
|Travel Pace|Miles Traveled|Scrounge|
|:-|:-:|:-|
|Slow Step|10 miles per day|Advantage on Survival checks|
|March Step|15 miles per day|-|
|Full Pace|20 miles per day|Can not make Survival checks|
#### Scrounge
An army must scrounge for most of its food while traveling across the land as supply chains are not reliable on most campaigns. An army must make a Wisdom (Survival) check once a week in order to gather the necessary supplies, like food. The DC is highly dependent on where the army is marching through and the season, a few examples are given.

Larger armies have a harder time finding enough food to feed the entire army, the DC is increased by 3 for every size category above Small. 
##### Scrounge DC
|Small DC|Medium DC|Large DC|Environment|Season|
|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-|:-|:-|
|5|8|11|Farmlands/Forest|Summer|
|8|11|14|Farmlands/Forest|Fall/Spring|
|13|16|19|Farmlands/Forest|Winter|
|8|11|14|Grasslands|Spring/Summer/Fall|
|12|15|18|Grasslands|Winter|
|15|18|21|Desert|Any|
|20|23|26|Artic|Any|

If the army is unable to find enough food, the Morale DC is increased by 1 for every day they go without enough food.
#### Deserters
If the Morale DC of the army is ever above 8 while marching, the army must make a Morale check at the end of the day. On a failure, men begin deserting the army. See the **Morale** section for more information on desertion, only half of the number of men actually desert when making the check while marching. The Morale DC resets back to 5 on a failed check.
# Chapter 14: Upkeep
Taking care of an army is a difficult task that requires a lot of funding and supplies. Soldiers work for money, though fanatics might be persuaded to join a rebellion with no pay, and soldiers require food or they'll starve, though undead and constructs don't have to worry about that.

## Pay
Pay is a major drain on a country's resources, and a major reason why standing armies are not a viable option for most kingdoms. In order to keep your army moving forward, you must be able to pay your soldiers once every week. Every week the soldiers are not paid, the Morale DC is permanently increased by 1, meaning that the base Morale DC would begin at 6 and continues to increase. You can not decrease the Morale DC below this new permanent DC.

To calculate the costs for paying your army, you must first separate your specialized units from the main army and take note of how many spellcasters you have.

The pay is based on the chart below.

|Type of Soldier|Cost per Week per Person|
|:-|:-:|:-:|
|Regular Soldiers|7 gp|
|Calvary|21 gp|
|Specialized Units|14 gp|
|Spellcasters|10 gp * army's spell level|

If you are able to meet or exceed the Scrounge DC for a marching army, the cost is lowered by 4 gp per solider regardless if they are spellcasters, a specialized unit or in the army.

Every week the army pays, the Morale DC decreases by 1 to the minimum base of 5.

\pagebreakNum

##### Example
If an army has 3,000 soldiers, with 200 of them being calvary and 300 spellcasters with an army spell level of 3, that means that the army has 2,800 regular soldiers, 200 calvary and 300 spellcasters that they must pay. To figure out their pay:

**Regular Soldiers:** *2,800 * 7 gp = 19,600 gp*

**Calvary:** *200 * 21 gp = 4,200 gp*

**Spellcasters:** *300 * (10 gp * 3) = 9,000 gp*

*Total Cost per Week:* ***32,800 gp***

##### Spellcaster Pricing
It can be difficult to judge how much spellcasters should be paid, as their spells are invaluable and only a few might be blessed enough to learn magic. Depending on your world, it might be more sensible to have the cost be **100 gp * army's spell level** if magic is very rare, or it might make more sense for the cost to be **3 gp * army's spell level** if anyone can cast a level 1 spell.

The amount to pay spellcasters is per DM's discretion, though some cities may require spellcasters to join the army no matter what and pay the spellcasters very little. This could have a negative effect on the army's Morale DC. 
##### Paying During a Siege
If a city is under a siege, the army may not need to be paid but instead pressed into service.
## That's a lot of Money
Its incredibly expensive to keep an army around, and most kingdoms will simply disband the army after their campaign and they no longer have to pay the soldiers. The guards of a city were what many considered to be the defense of a city, though an army could be called forth from the serfs and nobles. This could take anywhere from a few days to a few months based on how big and spread out the kingdom is. 
#### Taxes
Kingdoms operate off of taxes, and as a general rule of thumb it took about 15 people paying taxes to support 1 soldier. In wealthier economies, a kingdom might be able to support even more soldiers than just 1 for every 15 citizens, though in kingdoms in financial ruin it might require 20 or 30 citizens.

For a basic idea of taxes, assume that every citizen pays 3 gp per month in taxes. Certain kingdoms might bring in more than that, while others far less. This is per the DM's discretion.

Assume that 75% of all taxes must be spent on the city for its officials, public works, and similar.
#### Budget
While it isn't necessary to keep track of how much money a kingdom has coming in every month, it does help to have a rough understanding of the financial situation of a kingdom. The DM could just provide a budget that can be spent on an army per year.

\columnbreak

##### Example
If we take our previous example that our army has 3,000 soldiers, that means our kingdom has about 45,000 citizens in it as it will take 15 citizens to support 1 soldier. If each citizen pays 3 gp per month...

**Taxes per Month:** *45,000 * 3gp = 135,000 gp*

**Army Upkeep:** *32,800gp * 4 weeks = 131,200 gp per month*

*Total Taxes Leftover:* ***3,800 gp per month***

**City Requires:** *75% of 135,000 gp = 101,250 gp*

It would be financially foolish for a kingdom to keep a full standing army all year round. Consider decreasing the standing army to 20% it's fighting force during off seasons with no campaigns and disband the spellcasters, but only if you need a defensive force to act quickly.

**Army Upkeep in Off-season:** *600 soldiers * 7 gp = 4,200 gp per week* or *16,800 gp per month*

#### Economic Turns
Sometimes a kingdom faces economic issues - the kingdom can roll a d100 every month to determine their taxes.

##### Taxes per Month
|d100|per citizen|
|:-:|:-:|
|01-05|5 sp|
|06-15|1 gp|
|16-30|2 gp|

\columnbreak

|d100|per citizen|
|:-:|:-:|
|31-70|3 gp|
|71-85|4 gp|
|86-95|5 gp|
|96-100|7 gp|

</div>

\pagebreakNum

# Chapter 15: Siege Engines
Siege engines are used for the purposes of assailing a fortification and require a specialized unit of Siege Engineers to construct them. An army without siege engineers do not add their proficiency bonus to attack rolls, ability checks or saving throws dealing with siege equipment.

#### Construction
Most siege engines are built while an army is sieging a fortification and take anywhere from a day to a week to construct. Every siege engine requires a number of days to construct and you must have a construction crew on hand to build it. For every day required to build the engine, the specialized unit must succeed on an Intelligence check and adding in their proficiency bonus to the roll.

The DC is determined by the terrain and what materials are available. The DC is based off of terrain and is per the DM's discretion, finding enough wood in a forest is DC 5 though in a desert it would be DC 25 or higher. 
#### Crew
Siege engines are large and bulky, requiring a great many men to move and construct it, though it can have less men when it comes to actually operating it, though that isn't always true. There are two numbers to be aware of when constructing, moving or operating a siege engine. The Construction Crew is the number of men required to construct and move a siege engine, while the Operations Crew is the number of men required to operate the siege engine. 
#### Damage
To determine damage, roll the damage die and then multiply that number by the proficiency bonus of the army, a more experienced army is better at putting their equipment to work. If a siege engine is firing on a fortification, they do full damage instead of only quarter or half damage to the fortification.

The damage shown is assumed that the engine is being fired as fast as possible in a round, and you may choose to fire the engine less by rolling less damage, this may adjust how much you must spend on ammunition per round per the DM's discretion.
#### Damage Threshold
Much like fortifications, siege engines have a certain level of immunity to weapons wielded by an individual. A siege engine has immunity to all damage unless it takes an amount of damage equal to or greater than its damage threshold, in which case it takes damage as normal. Any damage that fails to meet or exceed the damage threshold is considered superficial and doesn’t reduce the engine’s hit points.
#### Hit Points
Every siege engine has their own hit points, but when tracking damage against your engines simply add the same siege engines into a single pool of hit points. Every time that they take an amount of damage equal to a single siege engine's hit points, one of them is destroyed.

\columnbreak

#### Purchase
You can choose to buy siege engines and carry them with you to a battle, this allows you to immediately begin the siege and you don't have to rely on raw materials to build your engines. You must have enough men or beasts to carry the engines.
#### Movement
Some siege engines, like a counterpoise trebuchet, aren't designed to be moved around a battlefield, while others, like a battering ram or a siege tower, are designed to move forward. Every siege engine has a movement rating, which is the number of rounds required to move it a single Range. The heavier and larger an engine, the longer it takes to move.
## Using Siege Weapons
Not every siege engine can be used as a siege weapon against fortifications. An engine that has the *siege object* tag is designed to destroy objects and structures. An engine with the *anti-personnel object* tag is used against creatures and isn't suitable to be used against a fortification.

If an engine with the *siege object* tag is used on creatures, the army rolls an attack like normal. If they hit or exceed the Armor Class of the army, they can roll the engine's normal damage. If they miss, they deal no damage to the army. The same goes for an engine with the *anti-personnel object* tag if it is used against objects or structures, on a successful attack roll they can deal damage, otherwise they deal no damage.
#### When They Attack
Siege engines, so long as they are manned, take the Attack action every round alongside their army. They roll damage at the end of the round like the army.
#### Targeting
If an army wishes to target a specific section of a wall or fortification, they make the attack roll with disadvantage. On a hit, they deal damage to that specific section of the wall. On a miss, the damage is unable to be precise and the whole wall takes the damage.

If an army doesn't target a specific section of the fortification, then it is assumed that the army is firing at different sections of a fortification. It is per the DM's discretion as to where and when parts of a fortification are destroyed. 
#### Attacking Destroyed Fortifications
If parts of a fortification is destroyed, the army can send their troops through that gap. The section needs to be at least two 10-foot panels wide for a small army, four 10-foot panels wide for a medium army, and ten 10-foot panels wide for a large army. If there is enough of a fortification destroyed, the army does not need to make a check to send the army through the fortification per the DM's discretion, but at least 100 feet, or ten 10-foot panels, must be destroyed.

\pagebreakNum

#### Ammunition
You can craft ammunition from the local material, though it requires proper stone and wood that may not be available depending on how well defended the city is. The army must succeed on a Wisdom (Survival) saving throw against the DC of the terrain every day in order to find ammunition, other wise you must pay the cost of ammunition.

Per the DM's discretion, there might not be any available ammunition in the area, like the gunstone and gun powder required for a cannon. In this case, you must have purchased it before the siege or have a way of obtaining it.

If the enemy is using siege engines against you, you can recover up to half of their spent ammunition except for cannon ammunition.
#### Targeting
When attacking a siege engineer specialty unit, you can either choose to target the men operating the engine or target the engine itself. In certain cases you may not be able to target the men operating and moving the device.  
## Example Siege Engines
#### Ballista
*Large anti-personnel object*
___
- **Armor Class:** 15
- **Hit Points:** 50
- **Damage Immunities:** poison, psychic
- **Damage Threshold:** 10
- **Crew:** 10 (construction & movement), 5 (operating)
- **Days to Construct:** 1
- **Ammunition Cost:** 10 gp per round
- **Purchase Cost:** 100 gp
- **Movement Rating:** 2 rounds
- **Damage:** 1d10 piercing damage * proficiency bonus
- **Range:** 1/2

A ballista is a massive crossbow that fires heavy bolts and is used as an anti-personnel device. The ballista uses wooden bolts and requires 10 gp per round for ammunition. 
#### Cannon
*Large siege object*
___
- **Armor Class:** 19
- **Hit Points:** 100
- **Damage Immunities:** poison, psychic
- **Damage Threshold:** 20
- **Crew:** 20 men (movement), 5 (operating)
- **Days to Construct:** can not be built on the battlefield
- **Ammunition Cost:** 2,400 gp per round
- **Purchase Cost:** 10,000 gp
- **Movement Rating:** 2 rounds
- **Damage:** 10d100 bludgeoning damage * proficiency bonus
- **Range:** 1/2  (can not target Range 0)

A cannon uses gunpowder to propel cannonballs through the air at destructive speeds. A cannon is usually supported in a wooden frame with wheels. The cannon fires 12 pound balls of gunstone and requires 2,400 gp per round for ammunition.

\columnbreak

#### Mangonel
*Large siege object*
___
- **Armor Class:** 15
- **Hit Points:** 75
- **Damage Immunities:** poison, psychic
- **Damage Threshold:** 15
- **Crew:** 30 men (construction & movement), 5 (operating)
- **Days to Construct:** 2
- **Ammunition Cost:** 25 gp per round
- **Purchase Cost:** 300 gp
- **Movement Rating:** 2 rounds
- **Damage:** 5d10 bludgeoning damage * proficiency bonus
- **Range:** 1/2 (can not target Range 0)

A mangonel is a type of catapult that hurls heavy projectiles in a high arc. A mangonel typically hurls heavy stone blocks and rquires 25 gp per round for ammunition. It can hurl other kinds of projectiles with differieng effects, like alchemist fire or the carcass of an animal.
#### Battering Ram, Small
*Huge siege object*
___
- **Armor Class:** 15
- **Hit Points:** 100
- **Damage Immunities:** poison, psychic
- **Damage Threshold:** 20
- **Crew:** 6 men (construction & movement), 6 (operating)
- **Days to Construct:** 2
- **Purchase Cost:** 300 gp
- **Movement Rating:** 2 rounds
- **Damage:** 3d10 bludgeoning damage * proficiency bonus 
- **Range:** 0

A ram consists of a movable gallery equipped with a heavy log suspended from two roof beams by chains. A small battering ram is 15 feet long and wide and is large enough for 6 soldiers to push it forward. The log is shod in iron and used to batter through doors and barricades. Because of the gallery roof, the operators have total cover against attacks from above.
#### Battering Ram, Large
*Gargantuan siege object*
___
- **Armor Class:** 18
- **Hit Points:** 300
- **Damage Immunities:** poison, psychic
- **Damage Threshold:** 30
- **Crew:** 100 men (construction & movement), 40 (operating)
- **Days to Construct:** 10
- **Purchase Cost:** 800 gp
- **Movement Rating:** 2 rounds
- **Damage:** 10d10 bludgeoning damage * proficiency bonus 
- **Range:** 0

A ram consists of a movable gallery equipped with a heavy log suspended from two roof beams by chains. A large battering ram is 45 feet long and 15 feet wide and is large enough for 100 soldiers to push it forward. The log is shod in iron and used to batter through doors and barricades. Because of the gallery roof, these operators have total cover against attacks from above.

\pagebreakNum

#### Siege Tower, Small
*Gargantuan siege object*
___
- **Armor Class:** 15
- **Hit Points:** 200
- **Damage Immunities:** poison, psychic
- **Damage Threshold:** 15
- **Crew:** 50 men (construction & movement)
- **Days to Construct:** 5
- **Purchase Cost:** 500 gp
- **Movement Rating:** 1 round
- **Range:** 0

A siege tower is a mobile wooden structure with a beam frame and slats in its walls. Large wooden wheels or rollers allow the tower to be pushed or pulled by soldiers or beasts of burden. Medium or smaller creatures can use the siege tower to reach the top of walls up to 40 feet high. A creature in the tower has total cover from attacks outside the tower.
#### Siege Tower, Large
*Gargantuan siege object*
___
- **Armor Class:** 18
- **Hit Points:** 500
- **Damage Immunities:** poison, psychic
- **Damage Threshold:** 25
- **Crew:** 200 men (construction & movement)
- **Days to Construct:** 5
- **Purchase Cost:** 1,000 gp
- **Movement Rating:** 2 rounds
- **Range:** 0

This siege tower is 30 feet wide and long, with a height of 200 feet. A siege tower is a mobile wooden structure with a beam frame and slats in its walls. Large wooden wheels or rollers allow the tower to be pushed or pulled by soldiers or beasts of burden. Medium or smaller creatures can use the siege tower to reach the top of walls up to 200 feet high. A creature in the tower has total cover from attacks outside the tower.
#### Trebuchet, Counterpoise
*Gargantuan siege object*
___
- **Armor Class:** 18
- **Hit Points:** 300
- **Damage Immunities:** poison, psychic
- **Damage Threshold:** 20
- **Crew:** 100 men (construction & movement), 10 (operating)
- **Days to Construct:** 10
- **Ammunition Cost:** 75 gp per round
- **Purchase Cost:** 1,200 gp
- **Movement Rating:** 4 rounds
- **Damage:** 10d10 bludgeoning damage * proficiency bonus 
- **Range:** 2/3 (can not target Range 0)

A trebuchet is a powerful catapult that throws its payload in a high arc so it can hit targets behind cover. A counterpoise trebuchet relies on an extremely heavy counter balance to allow it to hurl heavy stone blocks and requires 75 gp per round for ammunition. It can hurl other kinds of projectiles with differing effects, like alchemist fire or the carcass of an animal.

\columnbreak

#### Traction Trebuchet
*Huge anti-personnel object*

___
- **Armor Class:** 15
- **Hit Points:** 100
- **Damage Immunities:** poison, psychic
- **Damage Threshold:** 15
- **Crew:** 50 men (construction & movement), 75 (operating)
- **Days to Construct:** 2
- **Ammunition Cost:** 15 gp per round
- **Purchase Cost:** 200 gp
- **Movement Rating:** 1 round
- **Damage:** 3d10 bludgeoning damage * proficiency bonus 
- **Range:** 1/2

A trebuchet is a powerful catapult that throws its payload in a high arc so it can hit targets behind cover. A traction trebuchet relies on an a large number of men to pull on dozens of ropes in order to hurl heavy stone blocks and requires 15 gp per round for ammunition. It can hurl other kinds of projectiles with differing effects, like alchemist fire or the carcass of an animal.
## Building and Scrounging
In order to build siege engines or create ammunition, you must be close to a source of resources or be willing to send off the specialty unit in order to travel further and find the required resource. This might require beasts of burden to drag the resources back to the army.

Basic materials are provided to help the DM determine a DC for a specific location. If a city or fortification would know it was going to be sieged, they would often gather up all available resources and the DC increases by 5.

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# Appendix A: Variant Rules
## Heroic Characters
Typically a single creature wouldn't have much impact on a massive battle, but if you wish to include your characters into the damage dealt to an army, you can use this variant rule.

Each mass combat round, a character announces what they are doing, they could be a fighter leading the vanguard, or a wizard on the top of a rocky cliff shooting lightning bolts into the enemy.
#### Martial Characters
At the beginning of the phase, they describe their actions and if they are attacking with their weapons, they roll to hit against the army's AC. If they have multiple attacks, they make all of their attacks.

Once they roll their attack rolls, and hit, they then roll their normal damage and they count up all the damage they did and then divide that total by 10, rounding normal. That is the total damage they did to the army at large during that round. 
#### Magical Character
At the beginning of the phase, they describe their actions and if they are attacking with their cantrips, they roll against the AC of the army or the army must make a saving throw.

On a hit, they roll their normal damage and you then divide that damage by 10, rounding normal. That is the total damage they did to the army at large during that round.

If they instead wish to use a powerful spell, like _fireball_, they must be able to cast that spell a number of times equal to the proficiency bonus of the opposing army and they immediately expend that number of spell slots, the spell must have a large area of effect per the DM's discretion. Take the lowest level they expended a spell slot from and they then roll damage as if they cast the spell at that level. If they require an attack roll, they must make the attack roll. If it requires a saving throw, use the army's statistics.

Then take that damage and divide the total by 10, rounding normal. That is the total damage they did to the army at large during that 1 round.

If they expend additional slots after the initial required spell slots, they can deal additional damage equal to the level of the spell slots divided by two. This number is then added to the total damage before it is divided by 10. They must announce this before they roll damage.

Certain spells, like _meteor swarm_ are powerful enough they only have to cast it once instead of expending multiple spell slots, but that is up to DM discretion and the size of an army should be taken into account when determining how much damage is dealt. 
##### Multi- and Single-use Features
Most single use features aren't useful enough for a large combat that takes hours to complete, for this reason single use features, like the fighter's Action Surge, isn't useful in this context. This might be true for many other features, like the battlemaster's Battle Die, but it is up to the DM's discretion if characters can use these features during the action.

It is doubtful a character would be able to take a short rest during mass combat, but that is also up to the DM's discretion.
#### Missed Attacks
If the characters miss on their attack rolls, they only deal half damage on their attack.
#### Taking Damage and Exhaustion
Over the course of a battle, characters are going to suffer damage no matter how high their AC is. If a character is taking part in the battle, the opposing army makes a separate attack roll against the character and deals damage as if they were attacking another army. This does not count against the number of attacks they can make with their action.

Due to the strain of battles and that they are fighting for hours on end, at the end of every round, a character must succeed on a Constitution saving throw against a DC 10 or half the damage they took during the round, whichever is higher. On a failed check, they suffer one level of exhaustion.
#### Improving the Morale
A suitably charismatic character can attempt to decrease the Morale DC while an army is resting. Instead of the army making a Charisma (Persuasion or Intimidation) check, the character can attempt this check instead. They must have at least a 13 Charisma and be proficient in the chosen skill, they must also be able to spend several hours as they perform this check. For a small army, they must be able to spend 2 hours, for a medium army 3 hours, and for a large army 5 hours.
### Other Actions
There are other actions a character can take, instead of attacking, during mass combat. Below are a few options, though this is by no means the only actions they can take. The player and DM are encouraged to work together in order to come up with new and different ideas for their character to take while in Mass Combat. Some actions below require the character to be part of a specialty unit.

If a character is part of a specialty unit, they must announce this when the specialty unit is first formed. If a character wishes to switch between being in a specialty unit or in the army, they can do so only if they are on the same range.

If a specialty unit is destroyed or driven off, the character can choose to flee with any survivors of the specialty unit or make their way over to the army.
##### Born Leader
The character can bolster the morale of the specialty unit they are in, they make a Charisma (Persuasion) check contested by the opposing army's Charisma (Intimidation) check. On a success, the specialty unit's morale doesn't increase at the end of the round and the character can add their Charisma modifier on to the unit's morale check. On a fail, the specialty unit's morale DC increases by 2 at the end of the round.

\pagebreakNum

##### Seek and Destroy
The character must make a Wisdom (Insight) check contested by the opposing army's Charisma (Deception) check, on a success they can locate a key soldier in the opposing army and strike out at them. They then can make an attack, either with a weapon or spell, if they would hit against the AC of the army, or if the army must make a saving throw and they fail, they can roll damage. If their damage would equal the key soldier's hit points, determined by multiplying the army's proficiency bonus times ten, they kill the key soldier and the army suffers a penalty to their next attack and damage roll equal to the character's proficiency bonus.

If they are unable to kill the key soldier, the character suffers a number of d4s of damage equal to the opposing army's proficiency bonus. This damage can not be reduced. They can choose to keep targeting this same target on subsequent turns and the damage they deal is cumulative.
##### Take Charge
The character can jump to the front of the line and push a specialty unit that they are in to greater feats. The character makes an attack roll, that attack roll replaces the Attack action of the specialty unit. On a miss, the attack is treated as normal against the opposing army or unit, on a hit, the character gets to add a number of d4s equal to half their proficiency bonus as damage against the opposing unit.
##### Witch Hunter
The character must make an Intelligence (Arcana) check contested by the army's Dexterity (Sleight of Hand), Dexterity (Stealth), or Charisma (Deception) check, their choice. On a success, the character spots a powerful wizard in the opposing army's ranks. They can proceed to make an attack, either with a weapon or spell, if they would hit against the AC of the army, or if the army must make a saving throw and they failed, they can roll damage. If their damage would equal the key wizard's hit points, determined by multiplying the army's proficiency bonus times five, they kill the powerful wizard and the opposing army's maximum spell level is temporarily decreased by 1, to a minimum of 0, for the day.

If they are unable kill the powerful wizard, they suffer a number of d6s of damage equal to the opposing army's proficiency bonus. This damage can not be reduced. They can choose to keep targeting this same target on subsequent turns and the damage they deal is cumulative.

\columnbreak

## Smaller Hit Die
If an army has a Constitution score of 10 or less, it can choose to change it's Hit Die to that of a smaller army and gains 10 Hit Die for every Hit Die it changes. A medium army could swap out a 1d100 for 10d10, or a large army could swap out a 1d1,000 for 10d100. A small army can not decrease their Hit Die, and once a Hit Die has been changed, the swapped Hit Die can not be changed back until an army regains all their Hit Die. This has no effect on their Constitution score or modifier.

An army can not spend more of these smaller Hit Die when they attempt to regain hit points at the end of the day.

\pagebreakNum

# Appendix B: Sample Armies
The following are sample armies and specialty units. These can be used as made or simply used as inspiration for how army stat blocks can be made.

___
> ## Defenders of Aurora
> *Medium (irregular) army, -*
> ___
> - **Armor Class** 15 (Chain Shirt)
> - **Hit Points** 500 (5d100)
> - **Proficiency Bonus** +3
> - **Tactics** 2
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|16 (+3)|15 (+2)|5 (-3)|14 (+2)|9 (-1)|11 (+0)|
>___
> - **Skills** Athletics +6, History +5, Persuasion +3
> - **Condition Immunities** Charmed, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Prone, Restrained, Stunned
> - **Senses** passive Perception 9
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Clubs, Daggers, Slings, Spears, Light Crossbows, Heavy Crossbows
> - **Armor Proficiency** Chain Shirt*, Padded Armor
> - **Army Size** 5,000 Soldiers, 200 in reserve
> - **Magic-Users** 200 Casters
> ___
>***Army.*** The army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the army can move through any opening large enough for a medium creature.
>
>***Specialized Units.*** The army has 1 unit: Calvary.
>
>***Spell Level.*** The army has access to 6th-level spells and has 2 Actions per day, their casters make up 4% of the army and use a d8 for certain spells.
>
>***Well Loved.*** Advantage on Charisma checks to attract new recruits or keep the soldiers from deserting.
> ### Actions
>***Multiattack.*** The army makes two attacks.
>
> ***Spear.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +6 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 13 (3d6 + 3) piercing damage or 16 (3d8 + 3) piercing damage if used with two hands.
>
> ***Crossbow, Heavy.*** *Ranged Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Range 1/2, one army. *Hit:* 18 (3d10 + 2) piercing damage

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___
> ## Aurora's Horse Calvary
>*Small (irregular) unit, calvary*
> ___
> - **Armor Class, Rider** 20 (Plate, Shield)
> - **Armor Class, Horse** 18 (Plate barding)
> - **Hit Points** 100 (5d10)
> - **Additional Proficiencies** Lances, Longswords, Horses, Plate, Shield
> - **Unit Size** 500 Horses, 500 Soldiers
> ___
>***Large Creatures.*** The unit uses large horses, their hit points are doubled and the number of damage die is increased by 1 while the unit is on their horses.
>
>***Mounted Charge.*** When the mounted unit charges into another army's space and attack, they make the attack roll with advantage and score a critical hit on a 19 or 20. Mounted combatants can not move on to a range with an enemy fortification.
>
>***Size.*** The unit makes up 20% of the army and deals only half of its normal damage on a hit. If attacking a small unit, they deal normal damage.
>
>***Specialized Unit.*** The unit has access to the main army's abilities, equipment, and traits.
>
> ### Actions
> ***Lance.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +7 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 9 (1d12 + 3) piercing damage
>
> ***Longsword.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +6 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 6 (1d8 + 2) slashing damage or 8 (1d10 + 3) slashing damage if used with two hands.

\pagebreakNum

___
> ## The Capital's Army
> *Small (green) army, -*
>___
> - **Armor Class** 11 (padded armor)
> - **Hit Points** 300 (30d10)
> - **Proficiency Bonus** +2
> - **Tactics** 0
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|16 (+3)|11 (+0)|30 (+10)|15 (+2)|14 (+2)|9 (-1)|
>___
> - **Skills** Athletics +5, Perception +4
> - **Condition Immunities** Charmed, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Prone, Restrained, Stunned
> - **Senses** passive Perception 14
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Clubs, Daggers, Slings, Light Crossbows
> - **Armor Proficiency** Padded Armor
> - **Army Size** 3,000 Soldiers
>___
>***Army.*** The capital army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the capital army can move through any opening large enough for a medium creature.
>
>***Craftsmen.*** Prices for equipment are decreased by 10%.
>### Actions
>***Club.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +5 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 8 (2d4 + 3) bludgeoning damage
>
>***Sling.*** *Ranged Weapon Attack:* +2 to hit, Range 0/1, one army. *Hit:* 5 (2d4) bludgeoning damage

\columnbreak

___
> ## Kobold Army
> *Small (green) army, chaotic evil*
>___
> - **Armor Class** 12
> - **Hit Points** 80 (8d10)
> - **Proficiency Bonus** +2
> - **Tactics** 2
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|7 (-2)|15 (+2)|8 (-1)|8 (-1)|7 (-2)|8 (-1)|
>___
> - **Skills** Stealth +4
> - **Condition Immunities** Charmed, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Prone, Restrained, Stunned
> - **Senses** Darkvision, passive Perception 8
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Daggers, Slings
> - **Army Size** 800 Kobolds
> ___
>***Army.*** The kobold army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the kobold army can move through any opening large enough for a small creature. 
>
>***Finesse.*** The kobold army can use their Dexterity instead of their Strength with weapon attacks using finesse weapons.
>
>***Sunlight Sensitivity.*** While in sunlight, the kobold army has disadvantage on attack rolls, as well as on Wisdom (Perception) checks that rely on sight.
>
>***Pack Tactics.*** The kobold army has advantage on attack rolls against another army while occupying the same space as that army.
> ### Actions
> ***Daggers.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 7 (2d4 + 2) piercing damage
>
> ***Slings.*** *Ranged Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Range 0/1, one army. *Hit:* 7 (2d4 + 2) bludgeoning damage

\pagebreakNum

___
> ## Orc Warband
>*Medium (regular) army, chaotic evil*
> ___
> - **Armor Class** 13 (hide armor)
> - **Hit Points** 1,500 (15d100)
> - **Proficiency Bonus** +4
> - **Tactics** 1
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|16 (+3)|12 (+1)|15 (+2)|7 (-2)|11 (+0)|10 (+0)|
>___
> - **Skills** Athletics +7, History +2, Intimidation +4, Survival +4
> - **Condition Immunities** Charmed, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Prone, Restrained, Stunned
> - **Senses** Darkvision, passive Perception 10
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Greataxe, Javelins
> - **Army Size** 15,000 Orcs
> ___
> ***Ambushers.*** Advantage on all attack rolls against an enemy that hasn't taken an action so long as this army is the aggressor.
>
>***Army.*** The orc army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the orc army can move through any opening large enough for a medium creature. 
>
> ***Martial Advantage.*** The army deals an addition 1d8 points of damage (included in the attack)
>
> ***Swift Footed.*** Once per day, the army can move an additional range.
>
> ### Actions
>***Multiattack.*** The army makes two attacks.
>
> ***Greataxe.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +7 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 29 (4d12 + 3) slashing damage plus 4 (1d8) slashing damage.
>
> ***Javelin (x1).*** *Melee or Ranged Weapon Attack:* +7 to hit, Range 0/1, one army. *Hit:* 17 (4d6 + 3) piercing damage plus 4 (1d8) piercing damage.

\columnbreak

___
> ## Skeleton Horde
>*Large (green) army, lawful evil*
> ___
> - **Armor Class** 13 (armor scraps)
> - **Hit Points** 19,000 (19d1000)
> - **Tactics** 2
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|10 (+0)|14 (+2)|19 (+4)|6 (-2)|11 (-1)|5 (-3)|
>___
> - **Damage Vulnerabilities** Bludgeoning
> - **Damage Immunities** Poison
> - **Condition Immunities** Charmed, Exhaustion, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Poisoned, Prone, Restrained, Stunned
> - **Senses** Darkvision 60 ft., passive Perception 9
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Shortsword, Shortbow
> - **Army Size** 190,000 Skeletons
> ___
>***Army.*** The skeleton army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the skeleton army can move through any opening large enough for a medium creature. 
>
>***Mindless.*** The army automatically succeeds on Morale checks and Charisma skills do not work on them.
>
>***Undead.*** The army has no need for food, drink, air or sleep.
> ### Actions
>***Multiattack.*** The army makes four attacks.
>
> ***Shortsword.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 9 (2d6 + 2) piercing damage.
>
> ***Shortbow.*** *Ranged Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Range 1, one army. *Hit:* 9 (2d6 + 2) piercing damage.

\pagebreakNum

___
> ## Barbarians of the Spine
>*Small (elite) army, neutral good*
> ___
> - **Armor Class** 13 (hide armor)
> - **Hit Points** 120 (12d10) or 90 (unit deployed)
> - **Proficiency Bonus** +6
> - **Tactics** 1
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|16 (+3)|12 (+1)|12 (+1)|9 (-1)|11 (+0)|9 (-1)|
>___
> - **Saving Throw** Dex +7
> - **Skills** Athletics +9, Intimidation +5, Medicine +5, Nature +5, Stealth +7 Survival +6
> - **Condition Immunities** Charmed, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Prone, Restrained, Stunned
> - **Senses** passive Perception 10
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Javelin
> - **Armor Proficiency** Hide Armor
> - **Army Size** 1,200 Barbarians
> ___
>***Adaptable.*** Does not suffer penalties for marching through inhospitable terrain.
>
>***Army.*** The army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the army can move through any opening large enough for a medium creature. 
>
>***Grizzled (6/Day).*** The army can reroll a failed Morale check.
>
>***Specialized Unit.*** The army has 1 unit: Berserkers.
> ### Actions
> ***Javelin (x2).*** *Melee or Ranged Weapon Attack:* +9 to hit, Range 0/1, one army. *Hit:* 24 (6d6 + 3) piercing damage.

\columnbreak

___
> ## Berserkers of the Spine
>*Small (elite) unit, -*
> ___
> - **Armor Class** 14 (studded leather)
> - **Hit Points** 30 (3d10)
> - **Additional Proficiencies** Greataxe, Studded Leather
> - **Army Size** 300 Berserkers
> ___
>***Size.*** The specialized unit makes up more than 20% of the army and deals normal damage on a hit if attacking an opposing army or unit.
>
>***Specialized Unit.*** The specialized unit has access to the main army's abilities, equipment, and traits.
> ### Actions
> ***Greataxe.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +9 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 9 (1d12 + 3) slashing damage.

___
> ## Abyssal Chicken Army
> *Small (green) army, chaotic evil*
>___
> - **Armor Class** 13 (natural armor)
> - **Hit Points** 100 (10d10)
> - **Proficiency Bonus** +2
> - **Tactics** 2
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|6 (-2)|14 (+2)|10 (+0)|4 (-3)|9 (-1)|5 (-3)|
>___
> - **Damage Resistance** cold, fire, lightning
> - **Damage Immunity** Poison
> - **Condition Immunities** Blinded, Charmed, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Poisoned, Prone, Restrained, Stunned
> - **Senses** Blindsight 1 Range (blind beyond this point), passive Perception 9
> - **Army Size** 1,000 Abyssal Chickens
> ___
>***Army.*** The army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the army can move through any opening large enough for a tiny creature. 
>
>***Natural Weapons.*** The army can use their Dexterity instead of their Strength with weapon attacks using their natural weapons.
> ### Actions
> ***Bite.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Reach 0, one army. *Hit:* 7 (2d4 + 2) piercing damage
>
> ***Claws.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +4 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 9 (2d6 + 2) slashing damage

\pagebreakNum

___
> ## Paladins of Mykail
>*Small (regular) army, lawful good*
> ___
> - **Armor Class** 20 (Plate, Shield)
> - **Hit Points** 50 (5d10)
> - **Proficiency Bonus** +4
> - **Tactics** 3
>___
>|STR|DEX|CON|INT|WIS|CHA|
>|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
>|16 (+3)|14 (+2)|5 (-3)|8 (-1)|10 (+0)|14 (+2)|
>___
> - **Skills** Athletics +7, Medicine +3, Perception +4, Persuasion +6
> - **Condition Immunities** Charmed, Grappled, Paralyzed, Petrified, Prone, Restrained, Stunned
> - **Senses** passive Perception 14
> - **Weapon Proficiency** Clubs, Daggers, Longswords*, Shortswords*, Slings, Light Crossbows, Heavy Crossbow*
> - **Armor Proficiency** Padded Armor, Plate*, Shields*
> - **Army Size** 500 Paladins
> ___
>***Army.*** The army can occupy another army’s space and vice versa, and the army can move through any opening large enough for a medium creature.
>
>***Lay on Hands (1/Day).*** The army can heal themselves, or another army whose range they occupy, for 4d4 points of damage at the end of a round.
>
>***Precise Orders.*** Gain an additional Tactics once per day.
>
>***Trained Physicians.*** Once per day when spending Hit Die, they can reroll a Hit Die and take either result.
>### Actions
>***Longsword.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +7 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 21 (4d8 + 3) slashing damage or 25 (4d10 + 3) slashing damage if used with two hands.
>
>***Shortsword.*** *Melee Weapon Attack:* +7 to hit, Range 0, one army. *Hit:* 17 (4d6 + 3) piercing damage
>
>***Crossbow, Heavy.*** *Ranged Weapon Attack:* +6 to hit, Range 1/2, one army. *Hit:* 24 (4d10 + 2) piercing damage

\columnbreak

## Errata
If you like this, consider supporting [Dump Stat on Patreon](https://www.patreon.com/dumpstat "Dump Stat on Patreon"). Get access to a printer-friendly version of this mechanic, along with access to all our homebrew in one spot. 
##### Version 1.1.1
- Adjusted figures in Determining City Sizes
##### Version 1.1
- Small updates on various rules throughout
- Missed attacks by more than 5 now deal damage equal to modifier instead of quarter
- Major rewriting throughout based on feedback and clarity
- Updated words and minor clarifications and corrections
- Moves renamed to Tactics
##### Version 1
- Created Abstracted Warfare system - Abridged

## Abridged
This is an abridged version of the Abstracted Warfare system with plans of creating a more detailed version for those who want more information in regards to running mass combat and warfare.

Make sure to follow Dump Stat Adventures on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/stat_dump "Dump Stat on Twitter"), [Discord](https://discord.gg/X3azSur "Dump Stat on Discord") and on our [website](https://dumpstatadventures.com/ "Dump Stat Website") to keep in the know.

\pagebreakNum

## Quick Reference
### Combat Step-By-Step

1. **Determine Surprise.** The DM determines whether anyone involved in the combat encounter is surprised.
2. **Establish Positions & Orders.** The DM decides where all the armies are located and the initial orders are given to the armies. If an army has a specialized unit already separated from the main army, they are given their own position as well. 
3. **Determine the Aggressor.** The army who begins the aggression goes first, with the defender responding. If both sides charge at each other first, they can roll Initiative using their army's Dexterity modifier.
4. **Take Turns.** Each turn is broken down into four sections: **Spellcasters** (optional), a **Movement & Tactics**, an **Action**, and **Resolving the Round**. 
     ***A.*** The attacking army chooses the action for their **Spellcasters** first, followed by the defending army. 
     ***B.*** After that, the attacking army decides on their **Movement & Tactics**, followed by the defender. The armies can move 1 Range.
     ***C.*** Then the **Actions** are taken, first by the attacking army and then the defending army.
     ***D.*** **Resolving the Round**, after all other actions are taken, damage is then rolled followed by Morale checks.

5. **Begin the Next Round.** When every army involved in the combat has had a turn, the round ends. Repeat step 4 until the fighting stops.

### Morale
**Morale DC begins at DC 5, and increases by 1 at the end of subsequent rounds.**

#### Interactions that Increase the DC
- If an army does not have spellcasters taking part in the battle, and the opposing army does, the Morale DC increases by 1 for every action that the spellcasters take.
- If a specialized unit fails a Morale check, or is destroyed, then the DC increases by 2 for the army.
- If an army fails the Morale check, and they have a specialized unit on the field, all specialized units automatically fails their Morale check and flee.
- If the enemy army is 1 size category larger than your army, the DC increases by 1 for every category they are larger, this happens only once per day at the start.

#### Interactions that Decrease the DC
- If an army, or unit, scores a critical hit, then the DC for the Morale check decreases by 1.
- If the army receives divine healing, the DC decreases by 1.
- If the army is defending their home, like a city, the DC decreases by 4, this happens only once per day at the start and does not stack with defending a fortification.
- If the army is defending a fortification, like a castle or tower, the DC decreases by 2, this happens only once per day at the start and does not stack with defending a home.

\columnbreak

### Available Tactics
#### Burn the Land
The army is ordered to ensure that there are no survivors, and slowly march across the battlefield, checking all bodies. The army has disadvantage on the attack roll, but when determining damage, they deal an additional number of d4s of damage equal to half their proficiency bonus. 
#### For King and Country
The army charges across the land, their voices and roars echoing across the fields. The army moves an additional range. You can't move onto a fortification with this movement.
#### Hold the line
**Prerequisite: Can't move this round**
 The army is ordered to hold the line and let no one pass, forming up in tight formations. The army gains a bonus to their AC equal to half the army's proficiency bonus.
#### Reckless Assault
The army attacks with even greater ferocity than before, striking with powerful swings but leaving themselves open for a counterattack. The army gains advantage on all attacks this round, but all attacks against them have advantage. 
#### Repel the Invaders
The army is ordered to push back the enemy at any cost. The army makes a Strength (Athletics) check contested by the Dexterity (Acrobatics) or Strength (Athletics) check of the opposing army who occupies their range, their choice. If they succeed, at the end of the round they are able to push the opposing army back 1 range.

\pagebreakNum

### Available Spellcasting
#### Arcane Power
**1 Action, any Spell-Level, Range 0**
 If the army succeeds on one of its melee attack rolls, the spellcasters can use their action to increase the amount of damage that the army does. The spellcasters add a number of d4s equal to their maximum spell level to the damage that the army deals. They can decide to deal one of the following types of damage: Cold, Fire, Lightning, Necrotic or Radiant.

If the army has a high number of spellcasters, the damage die can increase to a d6, d8, d10 or d12. If the percentage of spellcasters is 2% the damage die is a d6. At 3.5% the die is a d8; 5% the die is a d10; and 7.5% the die is a d12.
#### Battlefield Protection
**1 Action, at least 5th-level spells, requires Arcane casters, Range 0** 
 The spellcasters use their action to thwart their enemies and they summon stone fortifications to protect the army. The army gains an increase to their AC for the round equal to half the maximum spell level, rounded down.
#### Divine Healing
**1 Action, any Spell-level requires Divine casters, Range 0** 
 The spellcasters rejuvenate the army and keep the worst of the wounds away. The spellcasters heal the army by rolling a number of d4s equal to half the maximum spell-level of the army, minimum of 1. The army recovers those hit points at the end of the round.

If the army has a high number of spellcasters, the healing die can increase to a d6, d8, d10 or d12. If the percentage of spellcasters is 2% the die is a d6. At 3.5% the die is a d8; 5% the die is a d10; and 7.5% the die is a d12.
#### Empowered Weapons
**1 Action, at least 3rd-level spells, Range 0** 
 The spellcasters magically enhance the weapons and the army surges forward with weapons of power. The army gains an increase to their Attack Rolls and Damage Rolls equal to a third of the army's maximum spell-level, rounded down. This enhancement lasts for the day.
#### Eldritch Horrors
**1 Action, at least 2nd-level spells, Range 0** 
 The horrors of the Beyond are called forth as an action and the opposing army must succeed on a Wisdom saving throw vs the save DC of the army (10 + the maximum spell-level of the army) or become frightened. The enemy army has disadvantage on their attack rolls for this round, and they are unable to push forward.

The enemy army takes a penalty to their Morale check equal to a third of the maximum spell-level of the army, rounded down (minimum of 1).
#### False Fog
**1 Action, any spell-level, Range 0** 
 The spellcasters use their action to summon a thick cloud of fog that obscures their army. The army is heavily obscured while they stay in the fog.

\columnbreak

#### Fiery Bombardments
**2 Actions, at least 8th-level spells, Range 2** 
 The spellcasters begin summoning fiery bombardments from above, sending massive motes of earth and fire crashing into the opposing army. The opposing army must succeed on a Dexterity saving throw vs the save DC of the army (10 + the maximum spell-level of the army) or take a number of d4s of fire or bludgeoning damage, spellcasters choice, equal to their maximum spell-level. Any fortifications and structures automatically fail their Dexterity saving throw. On a successful save, they take half damage.

If the army is engaged with the opposing army and this ability is used on their range, the army automatically takes half damage and any structures and fortifications caught in the effect take the full damage.

If the army has a high number of spellcasters, the damage die can increase to a d6, d8, d10 or d12. If the percentage of spellcasters is 2% the damage die is a d6. At 3.5% the die is a d8; 5% the die is a d10; and 7.5% the die is a d12.
#### Seize the Walls
**1 Action, any spell-level, Range 0** 
 The spellcasters morph and form the earth, allowing their army to easily assault the enemy's fortifications. The spellcasters grant a bonus to any Strength (Athletics) checks to move past barricades, scale walls or other activities. The bonus is equal to half the maximum spell-level of the army.
#### Spellcaster Hunt
**1 Action, any spell-level, Range 0** 
 The spellcasters hunt for their counterparts in the opposing enemy and focus on destroying them before they can hurt their own army. The army must make a Wisdom (Insight) check opposed by the enemy's Charisma (Deception) check, each army gains a bonus to their check equal to half their maximum spell-level.

An army can attempt to regain their lost spell-levels by succeeding on an Intelligence saving throw equal to DC 8 + the number of spell-levels lost that day. On a success, they regain a lost spell-level, on a failure they permanently lose their highest spell-level. They must repeat this saving throw for each spell-level they lost, the DC decreasing by 1 for each saving throw.

If the spellcasters lose all their spell-levels, so they effectively have access to only 0-level spells, the spellcasters for the army are destroyed and the army must find new replacements.